Compaq_Open3D_______________________________________ Installation Guide for Compaq Tru64 UNIX Systems Order Number: AA-QZBZN-TE June 1999 This document contains instructions for installing Compaq Open3D[TM] on the Compaq Tru64[TM] UNIX[R] operating system. It also explains how to read the online release notes before or after installing the product. This document applies to Compaq Open3D Versions 4.96. Revision/Update Information: This revised manual supersedes the information in the Installation Guide for DIGITAL UNIX Systems (Order No. AA-QZBZM-TE.) Operating System and Version: Compaq Tru64 UNIX Version 4.0E or 4.0F (for Compaq Open3D V4.96) Software Version: Compaq Open3D Version 4.96 Compaq Computer Corporation Houston, Texas ________________________________________________________________ Revised: March 1999 Compaq Computer Corporation makes no representations that the use of its products in the manner described in this publication will not infringe on existing or future patent rights, nor do the descriptions contained in this publication imply the granting of licenses to make, use, or sell equipment or software in accordance with the description. Possession, use, or copying of the software described in this publication is authorized only pursuant to a valid written license from Compaq or an authorized sublicensor. © Digital Equipment Corporation 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999. All Rights Reserved. Compaq, the Compaq logo, the DIGITAL logo, and PowerStorm are registered in the United States Patent and Trademark Office. Compaq Open3D, DEC, DEC Open3D, DEC 3000, DECwindows, DIGITAL, and Tru64 are trademarks of Compaq Computer Corporation. The following are third-party trademarks: OpenGL is a registered trademark of Silicon Graphics, Inc. PostScript is a registered trademark of Adobe Systems, Incorporated. UNIX is a registered trademark in the United States and other countries licensed exclusively through X/Open Company Ltd. This document is available on CD-ROM. This document was prepared using VAX DOCUMENT Version 2.1. _________________________________________________________________ Contents Preface................................................... v 1 Preparing to Install Compaq Open3D 1.1 Reading the Online Release Notes.............. 1-1 1.2 Registering a License......................... 1-2 1.3 Checking the Media Distribution Kit........... 1-3 1.4 Verifying the Hardware Requirements........... 1-3 1.5 Verifying the Software Requirements........... 1-3 1.6 Required User Privileges...................... 1-4 1.7 Determining the Available and Used Disk Space......................................... 1-4 1.8 Backing Up Your System Disk................... 1-7 1.9 Error Recovery................................ 1-7 1.10 Determining and Reporting Problems............ 1-8 2 Installing Compaq Open3D 2.1 Loading the Software.......................... 2-1 2.2 Completing the Installation................... 2-5 2.2.1 Compaq Open3D Extensions Clause........... 2-6 2.2.2 PCM Server and Library.................... 2-8 3 After Installing Compaq Open3D 3.1 Configuration Recommendations................. 3-1 3.2 Tuning Techniques............................. 3-2 iii A Files Installed on Your System B Sample Installation Tables 1 Conventions Used in this Guide............ vi 1-1 Subset Sizes (in KB)...................... 1-5 A-1 Installed Files for the Compaq Open3D Version 4.96 Kit.......................... A-1 iv _________________________________________________________________ Preface This guide describes how to install Compaq Open3D Version 4.96 on Alpha processors running the Compaq Tru64 UNIX operating system. In addition to this guide, you should read the Read Before Installing or Using Compaq Open3D for Compaq Tru64 UNIX Systems letter. This letter provides information that is required for Compaq Open3D installation and may not be included either in this installation guide or in the release notes. Keep this document with your distribution kit. You will need it to install maintenance updates or to reinstall Compaq Open3D for any other reason. Intended Audience This guide is for system managers who install Compaq Open3D software on Compaq Tru64 UNIX systems. Structure of this Document This manual is organized as follows: o Chapter 1 describes the preparations and requirements necessary for installing Compaq Open3D. o Chapter 2 describes the installation procedure for local installations. v o Chapter 3 provides configuration and tuning information. o Appendix A lists the files installed with Compaq Open3D. o Appendix B contains a listing of a sample installation of the Compaq Open3D kit. Related Manuals For information related to this manual, see the following Compaq Tru64 UNIX manuals: o Installation Guide o Software License Management o Release Notes o Firmware Release Notes Manuals in the Compaq Open3D Documentation Set In addition to this manual, the Compaq Open3D documentation set includes the following manual: o Using OpenGL Conventions Table 1 lists the conventions used in this guide: Table_1_Conventions_Used_in_this_Guide_____________________ Convention_______Meaning___________________________________ UPPERCASE and The Compaq Tru64 UNIX system lowercase differentiates between lowercase and uppercase characters. Literal strings that appear in text, examples, syntax descriptions, and function descriptions must be typed exactly as shown. bold Boldface text is used in interactive examples to indicate typed user input. (continued on next page) vi Table_1_(Cont.)_Conventions_Used_in_this_Guide_____________ Convention_______Meaning___________________________________ italic Italic text is used to indicate software function terms and commands, library names, file names, directory path names, and manual names. system output This typeface is used in interactive and code examples to indicate system output. In text, this typeface is used to indicate the exact name of a command, option, partition, path name, directory, or file. % The default user prompt is your system name followed by a right angle bracket (>). In this manual, a percent sign (%) is used to represent this prompt. # A number sign is the default superuser prompt. In procedures, a sequence such as indicates that you must hold down the key labeled Ctrl while you press another key or a pointing device button. In procedures, a key name is shown enclosed to indicate that you press a key on the keyboard. Vertical ellipsis in an example means that . some information has been omitted. . ____.______________________________________________________ vii 1 _________________________________________________________________ Preparing to Install Compaq Open3D To make your installation run smoothly, you should complete the preparations outlined in this chapter before starting the installation procedure. This chapter will help you determine the following: o How to read the online release notes o How to register a software license o If installing Compaq Open3D from media, whether your distribution kit includes all the components listed on the Bill of Materials (BOM) o Whether the system on which you will install Compaq Open3D meets the Compaq Open3D hardware and software requirements o The privileges required to perform the installation o How much disk space you will need o How to back up your system disk o What to do if you find errors o How to report problems 1.1 Reading the Online Release Notes Compaq Open3D provides online release notes. Compaq strongly recommends that you read the release notes before installing the product. The release notes may contain information about changes to the product. You can view or print the Compaq Open3D release notes, the cover letter, and this installation guide at any time from the mounted media CD-ROM. (See Section 2.1 for information on mounting the CD-ROM.) The files containing these documents are located in the /cdrom/o3d496/documentation Preparing to Install Compaq Open3D 1-1 (Version 4.96) or /cdrom/o3d492/documentation (Version 4.92) directory on the CD-ROM. To read the ASCII version of the release notes for Version 4.96 on the media CD, use the following command: # more /cdrom/o3d493/documentation/open3d493.release_notes To read the ASCII version of the release notes after installation, use one of the following commands: # more /usr/lib/OPEN3D/open3d493.release_notes 1.2 Registering a License Before you install and run Compaq Open3D Version 4.96, you must first register a License Product Authorization Key (License PAK) using the License Management Facility (LMF). The PAK is a paper certificate that contains information about the license that enables you to use the software. The License PAK is shipped with the kit if you ordered the license and media together; otherwise, the PAK is shipped separately to a location specified on your license order. If you are installing Compaq Open3D as an update on a node already licensed for this software, you have already completed the License PAK registration requirements. If you are installing prerequisite or optional software along with Compaq Open3D, review the PAK status and install the PAKs for this prerequisite or optional software before you install Compaq Open3D. To register a license on a Compaq Tru64 UNIX system: 1. Log in as superuser (account name root). 2. At the shell prompt, edit an empty PAK template with the lmf register command and include all the information on your License PAK as follows: 1-2 Preparing to Install Compaq Open3D # /usr/sbin/lmf register 3. After you register your license, use the following lmf reset command to copy the license details from the License Database (LDB) to the kernel cache: # /usr/sbin/lmf reset For complete information on using the Compaq Tru64 UNIX License Management Facility, see the Software License Management guide or the lmf(8) reference page. 1.3 Checking the Media Distribution Kit For installations from media, use the Bill of Materials (BOM) to check the contents of your software distribution kit. If your kit is damaged or incomplete, call your Compaq representative. For more information on how to mount distribution media, see your processor-specific installation/operations guide, which also details several options for the installation procedure. 1.4 Verifying the Hardware Requirements You need the following hardware to install Compaq Open3D: o CD-ROM drive See the documentation for the CD-ROM drive you are using for information on how to load the media. o Graphics console o Adequate system disk space Disk space requirements for the Compaq Open3D kit are listed in Table 1-1. Refer to the Compaq Open3D Software Product Description (SPD) for additional hardware requirements. 1.5 Verifying the Software Requirements Before installing Compaq Open3D, you must install the following: Preparing to Install Compaq Open3D 1-3 Version 4.96: Compaq Tru64 UNIX operating system Version 4.0E or 4.0F Compaq also recommends that you install the following Compaq Tru64 UNIX software subsets: o OSFFONT* - DECwindows[TM] 75 dpi fonts o OSFFONT15* - DECwindows 100 dpi fonts To install Compaq Open3D in a local environment, perform the following steps to determine which Compaq Tru64 UNIX subsets are loaded: 1. Log in to the system where you plan to install Compaq Open3D. 2. Enter the following command: % /usr/sbin/setld -i 3. Check the displayed rows for the relevant subset names and for any related patch names. The word installed appears in a row after the subset identifier code when a subset is loaded. If the word installed does not appear (the second column in a row is blank), the subset or patch is missing and must be installed before you install Compaq Open3D. If you have a previous version of Compaq Open3D installed on your system, you must deinstall it before installing Compaq Open3D Version 4.96. 1.6 Required User Privileges You must have superuser privileges to install Compaq Open3D software. 1.7 Determining the Available and Used Disk Space The Compaq Open3D kit is divided into subsets. The size of these subsets determines the disk space you will require for installation. Table 1-1 provides the disk space requirements for the file system /usr/kits. 1-4 Preparing to Install Compaq Open3D ________________________ Note ________________________ The subset sizes listed in Table 1-1 are approximate. See the release notes for the exact subset sizes. The subset names shown are for Version 4.96. ______________________________________________________ Table_1-1_Subset_Sizes_(in_KB)___________________________________ Required KB Subset_Contents__________Subset_Name__________/Optional_Required_ Compaq Open3D Base O3DDWSBASE496 Required 5184 Compaq Open3D Common O3DDWSCOMMON496 Required 8784 Compaq Open3D O3DDWSCONFIG496 Required 17 Configuration Compaq Open3D MIT PEX O3DDWSMITPEX496 Optional 864 Programming Compaq Open3D MIT PEX O3DDWSMITPEXEXAM496 Optional 17 Programming examples Compaq Open3D MIT PEX O3DDWSMITPEXMAN496 Optional 1272 Programming man pages Compaq Open3D OpenGL[R] O3DDWSGLBASE496 Optional 2496 Base Compaq Open3D OpenGL O3DDWSGLEXAM496 Optional 5984 examples Compaq Open3D OpenGL O3DDWSGLMAN496 Optional 1032 man pages Compaq Open3D PCM O3DDWSPCM496 Optional 400 Server and Library Compaq Open3D PEX O3DDWSPEX496 Optional 17 Programming Compaq Open3D O3DDWSCMT496 Optional 184 PowerStorm 4D10T (continued on next page) Preparing to Install Compaq Open3D 1-5 Table_1-1_(Cont.)_Subset_Sizes_(in_KB)___________________________ Required KB Subset_Contents__________Subset_Name__________/Optional_Required_ Compaq Open3D O3DDWSZE3496 Optional 13488 PowerStorm 4D40T/50T/51T/60T Compaq Open3D Stereo O3DDWSSTEREO496 Optional 94 Extension Compaq Open3D Stereo O3DDWSSTEREOMAN496 Optional 16 Extension man pages Compaq Open3D O3DDWSZLXE496 Optional 5488 PowerStorm 3D30 and PowerStorm 4D20 Compaq Open3D ZLXp-L O3DDWSZLXL496 Optional 7920 DIGITAL PHIGS Japanese O3DDWSPHRJP496 Optional 1344 Run-Time Files DIGITAL PHIGS Japanese O3DDWSPHRMAN496 Optional 21 Manual Pages DIGITAL PHIGS Run-Time- O3DDWSPHRTO496 Optional 10704 Only Kit Total:___________________________________________________65,326__ Before installing Compaq Open3D, you should determine the disk space available and used on the disks on which Compaq Open3D will reside, as follows: 1. Log in to the system where you plan to install Compaq Open3D. 2. Check which file systems are mounted and their locations by displaying the file /etc/fstab; for example: # more /etc/fstab /dev/rz0a /ufs rw 1 1 /dev/rz0g /usr ufs rw 1 2 /dev/rz8b swap1 ufs sw 0 2 1-6 Preparing to Install Compaq Open3D The previous display indicates that /usr (mounted to /dev/rz0g) is the only mount point that affects where Compaq Open3D files will reside; the system has only one local disk drive and the /usr/sys/kits and /usr/opt file systems reside in the g partition of the disk on that drive. 3. Determine the total free space for /usr. Based on the previous display of the /etc/fstab file, which shows that only /usr is a mount point, you would need to verify the free space only in the /usr file system: # df /usr Filesystem Total kbytes kbytes % node 512-blocks used free used Mounted on /dev/rz0g 122598 54447 55892 49% /usr This display indicates that there are 55892 KB free, where each block is 512 bytes. This free space must accommodate the subset requirements listed in Table 1-1. 4. Using the disk space requirements table, calculate the total size for the subsets you wish to load in each file system. 5. If the disk space available is insufficient, you can increase the space by removing some subsets. 1.8 Backing Up Your System Disk Compaq recommends that you back up your system disk before installing any software. Use the backup procedures established at your site. For details on performing a system disk backup, see your operating system documentation. 1.9 Error Recovery If errors occur during the installation, the system displays failure messages. For example, if the installation fails due to insufficient disk space, the installation procedure displays a message similar to the following: There is not enough file system space for subset O3DDWSBASE496 DIGITAL Open3D Base V4.96 will not be loaded. Preparing to Install Compaq Open3D 1-7 If during the installation you encounter errors from the setld utility, see the Diagnostics section of the setld (8) reference page for an explanation of the error and the appropriate action to take. Errors may also occur if any of the following conditions exists: o The operating system version is incorrect. o The prerequisite software version is incorrect. o The system parameter values for successful installation are insufficient. o A previous version of Compaq Open3D is already installed. o The base subset (O3DDWSBASE496) has not been installed and you try to install any other subset. If you are notified that any of these conditions exist, take the appropriate action described in the message. For descriptions of error messages generated by these conditions, see the operating system documentation on system messages, recovery procedures, and operating system software installation. If the IVP fails, look in the /var/adm/smlogs/fverify.log file for information that may help you diagnose the problem. 1.10 Determining and Reporting Problems If you encounter a problem while using Compaq Open3D, report it to Compaq. Depending on the nature of the problem and the type of support you have, you can take one of the following actions: o Call Compaq if your software contract or warranty agreement entitles you to telephone support. o Use the Integrated Problem Management Tool (IPMT) to report the problem. 1-8 Preparing to Install Compaq Open3D Review the Software Product Description (SPD) and Warranty Addendum for an explanation of your warranty. If you encounter a problem during the warranty period, report the problem as described in this section, or follow alternate instructions provided by Compaq for reporting SPD nonconformance problems. Preparing to Install Compaq Open3D 1-9 2 _________________________________________________________________ Installing Compaq Open3D This chapter describes the Compaq Open3D installation procedure and how to recover from installation errors and report problems. For a complete installation listing, refer to Appendix B. ________________________ Note ________________________ The samples throughout this chapter reflect the installation for Version 4.96. ______________________________________________________ Installing Compaq Open3D and running the Installation Verification Procedure (IVP) on your target system takes 5 to 30 minutes, depending on your media and system configuration. You can stop the installation procedure at any time by using ; however, files created up to that point will not be deleted. You must delete these files interactively. Appendix A lists the files and directories created during the installation procedure. 2.1 Loading the Software This section describes the procedure for installing Compaq Open3D files from a CD-ROM on the system where you are performing the installation. When Compaq Open3D runs, its executable images are mapped into memory on this system. In the following installation procedure description, rz4 is the CD-ROM drive and /mnt is the free mount point: 1. Place the CD-ROM media in the appropriate CD-ROM drive. 2. Log in as superuser (login name "root") to the system where you are installing Compaq Open3D. Installing Compaq Open3D 2-1 3. Ensure that the system on which you wish to install Compaq Open3D does not already contain another Compaq Open3D kit. To determine if Compaq Open3D kit files are installed in this directory, enter the command: # setld -i | grep O3D If any of these files are installed, you must deinstall them using the setld -d command. For example, to remove the OpenGL example files, you would enter: # setld -d O3DDWSGLEXAM496 4. Mount the media on the free mount point by entering the following command: # mount -dr /dev/rz4c /mnt When you install from CD-ROM, the CD-ROM disk c partition must be mounted on a free mount point. 5. Make sure that you are at the root (/) directory by entering the command: # cd / 6. Start the installation. To start the installation, enter the setld command with the -l (load) function, and specify the path to the subsets on the CD-ROM disk drive mounted on //o3d496/kit. For example, for the mount point /mnt, the command would be: # setld -l /mnt/o3d496/kit 7. Specify the subsets you wish to install. The installation procedure displays the list of subsets available for installation and prompts you to choose the desired subsets. The following subsets are mandatory and will be installed automatically unless you choose to exit without installing any subsets: * Open3D Common V4.96 * Open3D Config V4.96 The subsets listed below are optional: 2-2 Installing Compaq Open3D There may be more optional subsets than can be presented on a single screen. If this is the case, you can choose subsets screen by screen or all at once on the last screen. All of the choices you make will be collected for your confirmation before any subsets are installed. 1) DWS Open3D Base V4.96 2) DWS Open3D MIT PEX Programming V4.96 3) DWS Open3D MIT PEX Programming examples V4.96 4) DWS Open3D MIT PEX Programming man pages V4.96 5) DWS Open3D OpenGL Base V4.96 6) DWS Open3D OpenGL examples V4.96 7) DWS Open3D OpenGL man pages V4.96 8) DWS Open3D PCM Server and Library V4.96 9) DWS Open3D PEX Programming V4.96 10) DWS Open3D PowerStorm 3D30 and PowerStorm 4D20 V4.96 11) DWS Open3D PowerStorm 4D10T V4.96 12) DWS Open3D PowerStorm 4D40T/4D50T/4D51T/4D60T V4.96 13) DWS Open3D Stereo Extension V4.96 14) DWS Open3D Stereo Extension man pages V4.96 15) DWS Open3D ZLXp-L V4.96 16) Digital PHIGS Japanese Run-Time Files V4.96 17) Digital PHIGS Manual Pages V4.96 18) Digital PHIGS Run-Time-Only Kit V4.96 Or you may choose one of the following options: 19) ALL mandatory and all optional subsets 20) MANDATORY subsets only 21) CANCEL selections and redisplay menus 22) EXIT without installing any subsets Enter your choices or press RETURN to display menus. Choices (for example, 1 2 4-6): 1-15 8. Confirm your subset selection. The installation procedure displays the list of subsets you selected. You are installing the following mandatory subsets: Open3D Common V4.96 Open3D Config V4.96 You are installing the following optional subsets: Installing Compaq Open3D 2-3 DWS Open3D Base V4.96 DWS Open3D MIT PEX Programming V4.96 DWS Open3D MIT PEX Programming examples V4.96 DWS Open3D MIT PEX Programming man pages V4.96 DWS Open3D OpenGL Base V4.96 DWS Open3D OpenGL examples V4.96 DWS Open3D OpenGL man pages V4.96 DWS Open3D PCM Server and Library V4.96 DWS Open3D PEX Programming V4.96 DWS Open3D PowerStorm 3D30 and PowerStorm 4D20 V4.96 DWS Open3D PowerStorm 4D10T V4.96 DWS Open3D PowerStorm 4D40T/4D50T/4D51T/4D60T V4.96 DWS Open3D Stereo Extension V4.96 DWS Open3D Stereo Extension man pages V4.96 DWS Open3D ZLXp-L V4.96 Is this correct? (y/n): y Checking file system space required to install selected subsets: File system space checked OK. 16 subset(s) will be installed. Enter Yes if the subsets you wish to install are those listed. Enter No to specify other subsets. 9. Read the informational messages. The installation procedure generates messages as it checks that your system has enough space to install the requested subsets, copies these subsets, and then verifies that they were copied correctly. Loading 1 of 17 subset(s).... Open3D Common V4.96 Copying from /mnt (disk) Verifying Loading 2 of 17 subset(s).... DWS Open3D Base V4.96 Copying from /mnt (disk) Verifying . . . 2-4 Installing Compaq Open3D 10.Indicate whether you wish to modify the configuration file. Do you want to edit the configuration file? (y/n) [n]: The configuration file specifies options used to add or remove code from the UNIX kernel during the execution of a doconfig command, which will now be performed. Enter Yes if you wish to edit the configuration file. Press Return if you do not wish to edit the configuration file. 11.Dismount the CD-ROM drive from the mount point. For example, to dismount mount point /mnt, enter the command: # umount /mnt 12.Remove the CD-ROM from the disk drive. 13.Reboot the system for the changes to take effect. The installation is now completed. 2.2 Completing the Installation After loading the software, you can modify the X Server configuration file /usr/var/X11/Xserver.conf. This file contains certain startup information used by the Xserver. The installation procedure copies Xserver.conf to Xserver.conf.pre.O3D496, and then modifies Xserver.conf. When you deinstall Compaq Open3D, the original Xserver.conf is restored. If you modify Xserver.conf after installing Compaq Open3D, these modifications will be lost when you deinstall Compaq Open3D. To ensure that these changes are not lost, you should modify Xserver.conf while Compaq Open3D is not installed on your system. The modifications you can make to the configuration file are described in the following sections. Installing Compaq Open3D 2-5 2.2.1 Compaq Open3D Extensions Clause The BASE subset installation adds the Compaq Open3D extensions clause, which causes the X Server to load the PEX and hardware-accelerated OpenGL extensions. If you do not wish to load certain extensions, modify the Xserver.conf file and remove the appropriate lines. The Compaq Open3D extensions clause is as follows (pay close attention to nested angle brackets (< >)): ! ! Start Open3D Extensions Lis ! extensions < < _dec_PEX lib_dec_PEX.so __PEX_LoadInit < _dec_3dlib lib_dec_3dlib.so ThreeDInitProc > < _dec_x3d_pex lib_dec_x3d_pex.so PexExtensionInit > > < directx libdirectx.so DirectXInit > < _dec_GLX lib_dec_GLX.so __GLX_LoadInit GLX < _dec_opengl lib_dec_opengl.so GLExtensionInit PMAGC-AA > < _dec_opengl lib_dec_opengl.so GLExtensionInit PMAGC-BA > < _dec_opengl lib_dec_opengl.so GLExtensionInit PMAGC-DA > < _dec_opengl lib_dec_opengl.so GLExtensionInit PMAGC-EA > < _dec_opengl lib_dec_opengl.so GLExtensionInit PMAGD-BA > < _dec_opengl lib_dec_opengl.so GLExtensionInit PMAGD-AA > < _dec_opengl lib_dec_opengl.so GLExtensionInit PMAGD > < _dec_opengl lib_dec_opengl.so GLExtensionInit PMAG-BB > < _dec_opengl lib_dec_opengl.so GLExtensionInit PMAGB-BA > < _dec_opengl lib_dec_opengl.so GLExtensionInit ZLXp-L1 > < _dec_opengl lib_dec_opengl.so GLExtensionInit ZLXp-L2 > < _dec_opengl lib_dec_opengl.so GLExtensionInit ZLXp-L1@5 > < _dec_opengl lib_dec_opengl.so GLExtensionInit ZLXp-L2@5 > < _dec_opengl lib_dec_opengl.so GLExtensionInit p00041011 > < _dec_opengl lib_dec_opengl.so GLExtensionInit ZLXp-EV5 > < _dec_opengl lib_dec_opengl.so GLExtensionInit ZLXp2-EV4 > < _dec_opengl lib_dec_opengl.so GLExtensionInit ZLXp2-EV5 > 2-6 Installing Compaq Open3D > < extMultibuf libextMultibuf.so MultibufferExtensionInit > < _dec_glXDECpeer lib_dec_glXDECpeer.so InitglXDECExtension DEC-PEER-GLX > > ! ! End Open3D Extensions List ! Start O3DDWSSTEREO Extensions List extensions < < _dec_Stereo lib_dec_Stereo.so DECStereoExtensionInit > > ! End O3DDWSSTEREO Extensions List If you do not include this extension clause in the file Xserver.conf, the server will not load the OpenGL and PEX extensions properly. Using the Software-Only Version of OpenGL By default, the Compaq Open3D installation modifies the Xserver.conf file to load the hardware-accelerated OpenGL software. You can, however, use a software-only version. You must load a software-only version of the OpenGL server extension to use OpenGL with the PowerStorm 4D10T/ELSA GLoria Synergy (Version 4.96 only) devices. ________________________ Note ________________________ The software-only version of OpenGL operates correctly with graphics devices other than PowerStorm 4D10T/ELSA GLoria Synergy; however, the OpenGL performance is significantly lower than the OpenGL versions that use the graphics hardware directly. Therefore, Compaq recommends you use the software-only version only with PowerStorm 4D10T/ELSA GLoria Synergy (Version 4.96 only) devices. ______________________________________________________ The software-only version of OpenGL cannot be configured to run on PowerStorm 4D40T/50T/51T/60T devices. These devices automatically configure the device-specific OpenGL code within the server. As only one version of this extension can be loaded at a time, you must modify Xserver.conf before running OpenGL. Installing Compaq Open3D 2-7 Using the Software-Only Version of OpenGL with PowerStorm 4D10T/ELSA GLoria Synergy Devices (Version 4.96 Only) To use the software-only version of OpenGL with the PowerStorm 4D10T/ELSA GLoria Synergy, modify Xserver.conf to include the following line in the Compaq Open3D extensions clause: < _dec_sampleGL lib_dec_sampleGL.so __glXExtensionInit COMET > Using the Software-Only Version of OpenGL with Preconfigured Devices other than the PowerStorm 4D10T/ELSA GLoria Synergy To use the software-only version of OpenGL with devices that already are preconfigured (devices other than PowerStorm 4D10T/ELSA GLoria Synergy), you need to modify the Compaq Open3D extensions clause in the Xserver.conf file to replace lib_dec_opengl.so with lib_dec_sampleGL.so. For example, for the PowerStorm 4D20 device, you would make the following changes: 1 Delete the following line from the Compaq Open3D extensions clause: < _dec_opengl lib_dec_opengl.so __glXExtensionInit ZLXp2-EV5 > 2 Add the following line to the Compaq Open3D extensions clause: < _dec_opengl lib_dec_sampleGL.so __glXExtensionInit ZLXp2-EV5 > 2.2.2 PCM Server and Library After loading the PCM Server and library set, you must complete the installation by adding a line similar to the following in the /etc/inittab file, where is the name of the serial port to which the PCM is connected: pcms::23:respawn:/usr/bin/pcmserver To start the PCM server without rebooting, use the following command: # /usr/sbin/init 3 To verify that the PCM server is running properly and can communicate with the buttons and dials, make sure the X11 server is running and then run the example program as follows: 2-8 Installing Compaq Open3D # /usr/example/PCM/xpcmtest Installing Compaq Open3D 2-9 3 _________________________________________________________________ After Installing Compaq Open3D After installing Compaq Open3D, you can configure your system to optimize performance, as described in the following sections. 3.1 Configuration Recommendations Compaq recommends performing the following configuration operations before you use Compaq Open3D: o Partitioning Disks When using a Compaq Open3D accelerated system, you should define a minimum of 600 MB pages of swap. For any system, you should divide swap space across two or more disks. No swap partition should be smaller than 100 MB pages. Example 1 A system with two disks could be configured to contain the following: disk1: operating system and swap1 disk2: 3D client application, user data, and swap2 Example 2 A system with three disks could be configured to contain the following: disk1: operating system and swap1 disk2: 3D client application, user data, and swap2 disk3: user model data o Configuring Physical Memory (RAM) After Installing Compaq Open3D 3-1 You should configure enough physical memory for the average workload to reduce paging activity to zero. The minimum memory requirements are determined by the size of the data and the application operations (such as detailing, animation, and mesh). On Compaq Tru64 UNIX systems, most three-dimensional graphics applications require an absolute minimum of 128 MB. 3.2 Tuning Techniques When tuning a Compaq Tru64 UNIX system, the most important goals are to minimize paging and use the physical memory as efficiently as possible. If your system has too little physical memory, these goals are extremely difficult to attain. The recommended method for configuring Compaq Open3D on Compaq Tru64 UNIX Version 4.0E, or 4.0F is to use the /sbin/sysconfig utility. First, you should determine which subsystems are configured: # sysconfig -s You can then display the values set for particular parts of a given subsystem, such as vm or proc, as shown: # sysconfig -q subsystem_name In this command, the value of "subsystem_name" is "vm" or "proc". The /etc/sysconfigtab configuration file is read during bootup, and sets the values appropriately. When using CAD/CAM/CAE or similar three-dimensional graphics applications on Compaq Tru64 UNIX, one step that frequently helps improve performance is to add the following line to the end of the /etc/sysconfigtab file: vm: ubc-borrowpercent = 50 More advanced tuning of your Compaq Tru64 UNIX system depends on the type of user activity and data files. For example, if you perform occasional assembly modeling operations with numerous view and edit operations on individual components, adding the following lines to 3-2 After Installing Compaq Open3D the end of the /etc/sysconfigtab file can also improve performance: vm: vm-maxvas = 1610612736 proc: per-proc-data-size = 268435456 max-per-proc-data-size = 1610612736 per-proc-stack-size = 4194304 max-per-proc-stack-size = 48000000 max-per-proc-address-space = 1610612736 This technique is a suggested "first level" of tuning to try for average workloads. To achieve the best possible performance on your system, however, you should consult the Compaq Tru64 UNIX tuning documentation, experiment with the different tuning techniques proposed, and monitor the results while your application is running. After Installing Compaq Open3D 3-3 A _________________________________________________________________ Files Installed on Your System The Compaq Open3D installation procedure installs a number of files on your system and defines certain logical names. Table A-1 lists the files installed for Version 4.96. Table_A-1_Installed_Files_for_the_Compaq_Open3D_Version_4.96_Kit_ Directory________________File_Name______________Description______ O3DDWSBASE496_Subset_____________________________________________ /usr/shlib/X11 lib_dec_3dlib.so 3D server shareable component lib_dec_GLX.so lib_dec_PEX.so lib_dec_glXDECpeer.so lib_dec_opengl.so OpenGL server loadable component lib_dec_sampleDDGL.so lib_dec_sampleGL.so lib_dec_x3d_pex.so PEX server loadable component libdirectx.so /usr/shlib libDirectX.so (continued on next page) Files Installed on Your System A-1 Table A-1 (Cont.) Installed Files for the Compaq Open3D Version __________________4.96_Kit_______________________________________ Directory________________File_Name______________Description______ O3DDWSCMT496_Subset______________________________________________ /usr/opt/comet config.file files sysconfigtab /usr/shlib/X11 lib_dec_comet.so _________________________________________________________________ O3DDWSCOMMON496_Subset___________________________________________ /usr/include/PEX MPEX.h MPEXlib.h MPEXoc.h MPEXproto.h MPEXprotostr.h PEX.h PEXlib.h PEXlibprotos.h PEXmacros.h PEXoc.h PEXocbuf.h PEXproto.h PEXprotost.h floatdef.h (continued on next page) A-2 Files Installed on Your System Table A-1 (Cont.) Installed Files for the Compaq Open3D Version __________________4.96_Kit_______________________________________ Directory________________File_Name______________Description______ O3DDWSCOMMON496_Subset___________________________________________ /usr/lib libdecpex.a /usr/lib/OPEN3D open3d496.release_ Release notes, in notes ASCII format open3d496.release_ Release notes, in notes.PS PostScript format /usr/lib/pex/examples pst_cube pst_cube.shell /usr/lib/X11 Xserver.O3D.conf /usr/lib/X11 font_*.fnt /strokefonts/pex /usr/opt/03D496 timestamp /usr/shlib libdecpex.so /usr/var/X11/shared_ readme.txt Readme file for desktop Shared Desktop software shared_desktop.tar Shared Desktop software _________________________________________________________________ O3DDWSCONFIG496_Subset___________________________________________ no files _________________________________________________________________ O3DDWSGLBASE496_Subset___________________________________________ /usr/bin/X11 xglinfo /usr/include/GL gl.h glu.h glut.h glx.h glxdecproto.h (continued on next page) Files Installed on Your System A-3 Table A-1 (Cont.) Installed Files for the Compaq Open3D Version __________________4.96_Kit_______________________________________ Directory________________File_Name______________Description______ O3DDWSGLBASE496_Subset___________________________________________ glxint.h glxmd.h glxproto.h glxtokens.h /usr/include/X11/GLw GLwDrawA.h GLwMDrawA.h /usr/lib libGLUdeprecated.a libGLdeprecated.a libGLwdeprecated.a /usr/lib/X11/config OpenGL.tmpl /usr/shlib libGL.so OpenGL API shared library libGLU.so libGLw.so libglProtocol.so libglut.so _________________________________________________________________ O3DDWSGLEXAM496_Subset___________________________________________ /usr/examples/GL Imakefile /usr/examples/GL Imakefile /examples README *.c jitter.h /usr/examples/GL/glut CHANGES Glut.cf Imakefile (continued on next page) A-4 Files Installed on Your System Table A-1 (Cont.) Installed Files for the Compaq Open3D Version __________________4.96_Kit_______________________________________ Directory________________File_Name______________Description______ O3DDWSGLEXAM496_Subset___________________________________________ Makefile.sgi mkmkfiles.imake mkmkfiles.sgi NOTICE README README.* vms_link_glut_ tree.opt /usr/examples/GL/glut Imakefile /GL fglut.h glut.h /usr/examples/GL/glut glut.column1.ps /doc glut3.0.ps /usr/examples/GL/glut Imakefile /lib Makefile.sgi /usr/examples/GL/glut Makefile.sgi /lib/fglut fglut.c fglut_*.c /usr/examples/GL/glut Imakefile /lib/glut Makefile.sgi cannotate.c glut_*.c glutbitmap.h (continued on next page) Files Installed on Your System A-5 Table A-1 (Cont.) Installed Files for the Compaq Open3D Version __________________4.96_Kit_______________________________________ Directory________________File_Name______________Description______ O3DDWSGLEXAM496_Subset___________________________________________ glutint.ah glutint.h glutstroke.h layerutil.c layerutil.h stroke.h vms_extra_mms_ defs.inc vms_link_glut.com /usr/examples/GL/glut MonoRoman.stroke /lib/helper Roman.stroke capturexfont.c strokegen.y strokelex.l /usr/examples/GL/glut Imakefile /progs Makefile.sgi /usr/examples/GL/glut Imakefile /progs/contrib Makefile.sgi agv_example.c agviewer.c agviewer.h fractals.c fracviewer.c fracviewer.h hanoi.c (continued on next page) A-6 Files Installed on Your System Table A-1 (Cont.) Installed Files for the Compaq Open3D Version __________________4.96_Kit_______________________________________ Directory________________File_Name______________Description______ O3DDWSGLEXAM496_Subset___________________________________________ lineblend.c rand48.c rings.c vms_extra_mms_ defs.inc worms.c /usr/examples/GL/glut Imakefile /progs/demos Makefile.sgi /usr/examples/GL/glut/progs/demos/atlantis Imakefile Makefile.sgi atlantis.c atlantis.h dolphin.c shark.c swim.c vms_extra_mms_ defs.inc whale.c /usr/examples/GL/glut/progs/demos/ideas Imakefile Makefile.sgi *.c objects.h vms_extra_mms_ defs.inc /usr/examples/GL/glut/progs/demos/walker (continued on next page) Files Installed on Your System A-7 Table A-1 (Cont.) Installed Files for the Compaq Open3D Version __________________4.96_Kit_______________________________________ Directory________________File_Name______________Description______ O3DDWSGLEXAM496_Subset___________________________________________ Imakefile *.cset Makefile Makefile.sgi models.c vms_extra_mms_ defs.inc walker.c walker.h walkviewer.c walkviewer.h /usr/examples/GL/glut Imakefile /progs/examples Makefile.sgi *.c trackball.h vms_extra_mms_ defs.inc /usr/examples/GL/glut Makefile.sgi /progs/fortran example.f fbitfont.f fscene.f sphere.f /usr/examples/GL/glut Imakefile /progs/inventor Makefile Makefile.sgi (continued on next page) A-8 Files Installed on Your System Table A-1 (Cont.) Installed Files for the Compaq Open3D Version __________________4.96_Kit_______________________________________ Directory________________File_Name______________Description______ O3DDWSGLEXAM496_Subset___________________________________________ duck.iv globe.c++ globe.rgb glutduck.c++ /usr/examples/GL/glut Imakefile /progs/redbook Makefile.sgi *.c aux2glut.sed jitter.h vms_extra_mms_ defs.inc /usr/examples/GL/glut Imakefile /test Makefile.sgi *.c vms_extra_mms_ defs.inc /usr/examples/GL/glx_ Imakefile sample README bezmesh.c get_visual.c win_utils.c win_utils.h /usr/examples/GL/ivp Imakefile gl_ivp.c /usr/examples/GL/libaux 3d.h (continued on next page) Files Installed on Your System A-9 Table A-1 (Cont.) Installed Files for the Compaq Open3D Version __________________4.96_Kit_______________________________________ Directory________________File_Name______________Description______ O3DDWSGLEXAM496_Subset___________________________________________ Imakefile *.c *.h /usr/examples/GL Imakefile /libfont font.c font.h /usr/examples/GL/librgb Imakefile rgb.c rgb.h /usr/examples/GL/libtk Imakefile README *.c *.h /usr/examples/GL *.rgb /samples *.c Imakefile README /usr/examples/GL Imakefile /samples/EXT *.c /usr/examples/GL Imakefile /visinfo README findvis.1 findvis.c visinfo.3 (continued on next page) A-10 Files Installed on Your System Table A-1 (Cont.) Installed Files for the Compaq Open3D Version __________________4.96_Kit_______________________________________ Directory________________File_Name______________Description______ O3DDWSGLEXAM496_Subset___________________________________________ visinfo.c visinfo.h /usr/examples/GL Imakefile /widgets README double.c simple.c /usr/examples/GL Imakefile /xglinfo global.h stringConversion.c xglinfo.c _________________________________________________________________ O3DDWSGLMAN496_Subset____________________________________________ /usr/man/man3 gl*.3gl Individual OpenGL man pages _________________________________________________________________ O3DDWSMITPEX496_Subset___________________________________________ /usr/include/X11/PEX5 PEXlib.h MIT PEXlib include files PEXlibint.h PEXproto.h PEXprotost.h /usr/lib libPEX5.a /usr/shlib libPEX5.so (continued on next page) Files Installed on Your System A-11 Table A-1 (Cont.) Installed Files for the Compaq Open3D Version __________________4.96_Kit_______________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ O3DDWSMITPEXEXAM496_Subset_______________________________________ no files _________________________________________________________________ O3DDWSMITPEXMAN496_Subset________________________________________ /usr/man/man3 PEX*.3 MIT PEXlib man pages _________________________________________________________________ O3DDWSPCM496_Subset______________________________________________ /usr/examples/PCM Imakefile pct PCM (dials and buttons) test program xpcmtest xpcmtest.c /usr/include/PCM c_idl.h IDL (dials and buttons) include file /usr/lib libpcm.a PCM (dials and buttons) library /usr/lib/pcm custom.ss standard.ss /usr/shlib libpcm.so PCM (dials and buttons) shared library _________________________________________________________________ O3DDWSPEX496_Subset______________________________________________ no files (continued on next page) A-12 Files Installed on Your System Table A-1 (Cont.) Installed Files for the Compaq Open3D Version __________________4.96_Kit_______________________________________ Directory________________File_Name______________Description______ O3DDWSPHRJP496_Subset____________________________________________ /usr/kits/PHR510/usr font_jisx0201.fnt Japanese font /lib/GFX/font font_jisx0208.fnt Japanese font gfx_font_neg10001 Japanese font /usr/kits/PHR510/usr gfx_motif_jp.uid Japanese UID file /lib/X11/uid _________________________________________________________________ O3DDWSPHRMAN496_Subset___________________________________________ /usr/man/man3 phigs.3g DIGITAL PHIGS manual pages _________________________________________________________________ O3DDWSPHRTO496_Subset____________________________________________ /usr/kits/PHR510/usr gfx_font1 Stroke fonts /lib/GFX/font gfx_font2 gfx_font_neg1 gfx_font_neg2 gfx_font_neg3 gfx_font_neg4 gfx_font_neg5 gfx_font_neg6 gfx_font_neg7 gfx_font_neg8 gfx_font_neg9 gfx_font_neg10 gfx_font_neg11 gfx_font_neg12 gfx_font_neg13 (continued on next page) Files Installed on Your System A-13 Table A-1 (Cont.) Installed Files for the Compaq Open3D Version __________________4.96_Kit_______________________________________ Directory________________File_Name______________Description______ O3DDWSPHRTO496_Subset____________________________________________ gfx_font_neg14 gfx_font_neg15 gfx_font_neg16 gfx_font_neg17 gfx_font_neg18 gfx_font_neg19 gfx_font_neg20 gfx_font_neg21 gfx_font_neg22 gfx_font_neg23 gfx_font_neg24 /usr/kits/PHR510/usr/lib/GFX/messages vms_msgfil_0000.dat vms_msgfil_027C.dat vms_msgfil_027D.dat vms_msgfil_033F.dat /usr/kits/PHR510/usr /lib/GFX/servers gfx_motif_server_v2 /usr/kits/PHR510/usr phigs051_release_ DIGITAL PHIGS /lib/PHIGS notes.PS Version 5.1 release notes in PostScript format phigs051_release_ DIGITAL PHIGS notes.txt Version 5.1 release notes in ASCII format phigs_predef (continued on next page) A-14 Files Installed on Your System Table A-1 (Cont.) Installed Files for the Compaq Open3D Version __________________4.96_Kit_______________________________________ Directory________________File_Name______________Description______ O3DDWSPHRTO496_Subset____________________________________________ phigs_predef_display /usr/kits/PHR510/usr/lib/PHIGS/examples phigs_archive_ converter phigs_ivp DIGITAL PHIGS installation verification procedure run_phigsivp.sh (continued on next page) Files Installed on Your System A-15 Table A-1 (Cont.) Installed Files for the Compaq Open3D Version __________________4.96_Kit_______________________________________ Directory________________File_Name______________Description______ O3DDWSPHRTO496_Subset____________________________________________ /usr/kits/PHR510/usr gfx_motif.uid /lib/X11/uid gfx_motif_en.uid Motif user interface description files /usr/kits/PHR510/usr vaxgfx_ddif_color_ /lib table.dat /usr/kits/PHR510/usr libPHIGS.so DIGITAL PHIGS /shlib shared libraries libPHIGSC.so libPHIGSISO_C.so libPHIGScommon.so libPHIGSdecpex.so Shareable library for PEXlib support (used only if Compaq Open3D is not installed) libPHIGSgli3d.so Shareable library for OpenGL support libPHIGSpcm.so Shareable library for button and dial support (used only if Compaq Open3D is not installed) so_locations (continued on next page) A-16 Files Installed on Your System Table A-1 (Cont.) Installed Files for the Compaq Open3D Version __________________4.96_Kit_______________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ O3DDWSSTEREO496_Subset___________________________________________ /usr/include/DECStereo DECStereo.h Stereo API include files DECStereostr.h /usr/lib libDECStereo.a Stereo API library /usr/shlib libDECStereo.so Stereo API shared library /usr/shlib/X11 lib_dec_Stereo.so Stereo Extension server shareable component _________________________________________________________________ O3DDWSSTEREOMAN496_Subset________________________________________ /usr/man/man3 stereo.3X Stereo API library man page _________________________________________________________________ O3DDWSZE3496_Subset______________________________________________ /usr/bin/X11 pantherpanel /usr/man/man7 ingr.7 /usr/opt/ZE3 config.file files ingr.mod sysconfigtab /usr/opt/ZE3/50 config.file files ingr.mod sysconfigtab /usr/shlib/X11 lib_dec_DDGLe3sc.so lib_dec_e3sc.so (continued on next page) Files Installed on Your System A-17 Table A-1 (Cont.) Installed Files for the Compaq Open3D Version __________________4.96_Kit_______________________________________ Directory________________File_Name______________Description______ O3DDWSZE3496_Subset______________________________________________ lib_dec_e3sc_ linear.so /usr/shlib libE3DirectX.so libglPeerIGe3sc.so _________________________________________________________________ O3DDWSZLXE496_Subset_____________________________________________ /usr/opt/O3D496/tga2 tga.mod /usr/shlib/X11 lib_dec_ffb.so lib_dec_ffb.so.EV5 _________________________________________________________________ O3DDWSZLXL496_Subset_____________________________________________ /usr/bin/X11 pvpRm pvlRm /usr/include/X11 overlay.h X11 include file /extensions that supports overlay planes /usr/opt/O3D496/ZLXLp pvp.mod pvp_data.c /usr/shlib/X11 lib_dec_pvg.so lib_dec_pvl.so _________________________lib_dec_pvp.so__________________________ A-18 Files Installed on Your System B _________________________________________________________________ Sample Installation This appendix provides a sample installation of a Compaq Open3D kit. ________________________ Note ________________________ The sample script reflects the installation of Compaq Open3D Version 4.96. ______________________________________________________ # setld - l /mnt [Return] *** Enter subset selections *** The following subsets are mandatory and will be installed automatically unless you choose to exit without installing any subsets: * Open3D Common V4.96 * Open3D Config V4.96 The subsets listed below are optional: There may be more optional subsets than can be presented on a single screen. If this is the case, you can choose subsets screen by screen or all at once on the last screen. All of the choices you make will be collected for your confirmation before any subsets are installed. 1) DWS Open3D Base V4.96 2) DWS Open3D MIT PEX Programming V4.96 3) DWS Open3D MIT PEX Programming examples V4.96 4) DWS Open3D MIT PEX Programming man pages V4.96 5) DWS Open3D OpenGL Base V4.96 6) DWS Open3D OpenGL examples V4.96 7) DWS Open3D OpenGL man pages V4.96 8) DWS Open3D PCM Server and Library V4.96 9) DWS Open3D PEX Programming V4.96 10) DWS Open3D PowerStorm 3D30 and PowerStorm 4D20 V4.96 11) DWS Open3D PowerStorm 4D40T/4D50T/4D51T/4D60T V4.96 12) DWS Open3D Stereo Extension V4.96 13) DWS Open3D Stereo Extension man pages V4.96 14) DWS Open3D ZLXp-L V4.96 15) Digital PHIGS Japanese Run-Time Files V4.96 16) Digital PHIGS Manual Pages V4.96 17) Digital PHIGS Run-Time-Only Kit V4.96 --- MORE TO FOLLOW --- Enter your choices or press RETURN to display the next screen. Choices (for example, 1 2 4-6): Or you may choose one of the following options: 18) ALL mandatory and all optional subsets 19) MANDATORY subsets only 20) CANCEL selections and redisplay menus 21) EXIT without installing any subsets Enter your choices or press RETURN to redisplay menus. Choices (for example, 1 2 4-6): 18 You are installing the following mandatory subsets: Open3D Common V4.96 Open3D Config V4.96 You are installing the following optional subsets: DWS Open3D Base V4.96 DWS Open3D MIT PEX Programming V4.96 DWS Open3D MIT PEX Programming examples V4.96 DWS Open3D MIT PEX Programming man pages V4.96 DWS Open3D OpenGL Base V4.96 DWS Open3D OpenGL examples V4.96 DWS Open3D OpenGL man pages V4.96 DWS Open3D PCM Server and Library V4.96 DWS Open3D PEX Programming V4.96 DWS Open3D PowerStorm 3D30 and PowerStorm 4D20 V4.96 DWS Open3D PowerStorm 4D40T/4D50T/4D51T/4D60T V4.96 DWS Open3D Stereo Extension V4.96 DWS Open3D Stereo Extension man pages V4.96 DWS Open3D ZLXp-L V4.96 Digital PHIGS Japanese Run-Time Files V4.96 Digital PHIGS Manual Pages V4.96 Digital PHIGS Run-Time-Only Kit V4.96 Is this correct? (y/n): y Checking file system space required to install selected subsets: File system space checked OK. 19 subset(s) will be installed. Loading 1 of 19 subset(s).... Open3D Common V4.96 Copying from . (disk) Verifying Loading 2 of 19 subset(s).... DWS Open3D Base V4.96 Copying from . (disk) Verifying Loading 3 of 19 subset(s).... DWS Open3D OpenGL Base V4.96 Copying from . (disk) Verifying . . . . . *** KERNEL CONFIGURATION AND BUILD PROCEDURE *** Saving /sys/conf/GRAFX5 as /sys/conf/GRAFX5.bck Do you want to edit the configuration file? (y/n) [n]: *** PERFORMING KERNEL BUILD *** Working....Fri Jun 4 11:02:00 EDT 1999 The new kernel is /sys/GRAFX5/vmunix Saved file ./vmunix as ./vmunix.pre.O3D496 Moving new kernel to /vmunix... Installation of O3DDWSCONFIG496 Complete. **** REBOOT to enable new kernel ****