The following subtopics describe debugger support for COBOL.

C.8.1 Operators in Language Expressions

Supported COBOL operators in language expressions include:

Kind	Symbol	Function
Prefix	+	Unary plus
Prefix	-	Unary minus (negation)
Infix	+	Addition
Infix	-	Subtraction
Infix	*	Multiplication
Infix	/	Division
Infix	=	Equal to
Infix	NOT =	Not equal to
Infix	>	Greater than
Infix	NOT <	Greater than or equal to
Infix	<	Less than
Infix	NOT >	Less than or equal to
Infix	NOT	Logical NOT
Infix	AND	Logical AND
Infix	OR	Logical OR

C.8.2 Constructs in Language and Address Expressions

Supported constructs in language and address expressions for COBOL follow:

Symbol	Construct
( )	Subscripting
OF	Record component selection
IN	Record component selection

C.8.3 Data Types

Supported COBOL data types follow:

COBOL Data Type	Operating System Data Type Name
COMP	Longword Integer (L,LU)
COMP	Word Integer (W,WU)
COMP	Quadword Integer (Q,QU)
COMP-1	F_Floating (F)
COMP-1 (Alpha and Integrity servers specific)	S_Floating (FS)
COMP-2	D_Floating (D)
COMP-2 (Alpha and Integrity servers specific)	T_Floating (FT)
COMP-3	Packed Decimal (P)
INDEX	Longword Integer (L)
Alphanumeric	ASCII Text (T)
Records	(None)
Numeric Unsigned	Numeric string, unsigned (NU)
Leading Separate Sign	Numeric string, left separate sign (NL)
Leading Overpunched Sign	Numeric string, left overpunched sign (NLO)
Trailing Separate Sign	Numeric string, right separate sign (NR)
Trailing Overpunched Sign	Numeric string, right overpunched sign (NRO)

Floating-point numbers of type COMP-1 may be represented by F_Floating or IEEE S_Floating, depending on compiler switches.

Floating-point numbers of type COMP-2 may be represented by D_Floating or IEEE T_Floating, depending on compiler switches.

C.8.4 Source Display

The debugger can show source text included in a program with the COPY, COPY REPLACING, or REPLACE statement. However, when COPY REPLACING or REPLACE is used, the debugger shows the original source text instead of the modified source text generated by the COPY REPLACING or REPLACE statement.

The debugger cannot show the original source lines associated with the code for a REPORT section. You can see the DATA SECTION source lines associated with a REPORT, but no source lines are associated with the compiled code that generates the report.

C.8.5 COBOL INITIALIZE Statement and Large Tables (Arrays) (Alpha Only)

On OpenVMS Alpha systems, the debugger can take an unusually great amount of time and resources if you use the STEP command to execute an INITIALIZE statement in a COBOL program when a large table (array) is being initialized.

To work around this problem, set a breakpoint on the first executable line past the INITIALIZE statement, rather than stepping across the INITIALIZE statement.

C.9 Fortran

The following subtopics describe debugger support for Fortran.

C.9.1 Operators in Language Expressions

Supported Fortran operators in language expressions include:

Kind	Symbol	Function
Prefix	+	Unary plus
Prefix	-	Unary minus (negation)
Infix	+	Addition
Infix	-	Subtraction
Infix	*	Multiplication
Infix	/	Division
Infix	//	Concatenation
Infix	.EQ.	Equal to
Infix	==	Equal to
Infix	.NE.	Not equal to
Infix	/=	Not equal to
Infix	.GT.	Greater than
Infix	>	Greater than
Infix	.GE.	Greater than or equal to
Infix	>=	Greater than or equal to
Infix	.LT.	Less than
Infix	<	Less than
Infix	.LE.	Less than or equal to
Infix	<=	Less than or equal to
Prefix	.NOT.	Logical NOT
Infix	.AND.	Logical AND
Infix	.OR.	Logical OR
Infix	.XOR.	Exclusive OR
Infix	.EQV.	Equivalence
Infix	.NEQV.	Exclusive OR

C.9.2 Constructs in Language and Address Expressions

Supported constructs in language and address expressions for Fortran follow:

Symbol	Construct
( )	Subscripting
. (period)	Record component selection
% (percent sign)	Record component selection

C.9.3 Predefined Symbols

Supported Fortran predefined symbols follow:

Symbol	Description
.TRUE.	Logical True
.FALSE.	Logical False

C.9.4 Data Types

Supported Fortran data types follow:

Fortran Data Type	Operating System Data Type Name
LOGICAL*1	Byte Unsigned (BU)
LOGICAL*2	Word Unsigned (WU)
LOGICAL*4	Longword Unsigned (LU)
LOGICAL*8 (Alpha and Integrity servers specific)	Quadword Unsigned (QU)
BYTE	Byte (B)
INTEGER*1	Byte Integer (B)
INTEGER*2	Word Integer (W)
INTEGER*4	Longword Integer (L)
INTEGER*8 (Alpha and Integrity servers specific)	Quadword Integer (Q)
REAL*4	F_Floating (F)
REAL*4 (Alpha and Integrity servers specific)	IEEE S_Floating (FS)
REAL*8	D_Floating (D)
REAL*8	G_Floating (G)
REAL*8 (Alpha and Integrity servers specific)	IEEE T_Floating (FT)
REAL*16 (Alpha and Integrity servers specific)	H_Floating (H)
COMPLEX*8	F_Complex (FC)
COMPLEX*8 (Alpha and Integrity servers specific)	IEEE S_Floating (SC)
COMPLEX*16	D_Complex (DC)
COMPLEX*16	G_Complex (GC)
COMPLEX*16 (Alpha and Integrity servers specific)	IEEE T_Floating (TC)
CHARACTER	ASCII Text (T)
Arrays	(None)
Records	(None)

Even though the data type codes for unsigned integers (BU, WU, LU, QU) are used internally to describe the LOGICAL data types, the debugger (like the compiler) treats LOGICAL variables and values as being signed when they are used in language expressions.

The debugger prints the numeric values of LOGICAL variables or expressions instead of .TRUE. or .FALSE. Normally, only the low-order bit of a LOGICAL variable or value is significant (0 is .FALSE. and 1 is .TRUE.). However, Fortran does allow all bits in a LOGICAL value to be manipulated and LOGICAL values can be used in integer expressions. For this reason, it is at times necessary to see the entire integer value of a LOGICAL variable or expression, and that is what the debugger shows.

COMPLEX constants such as (1.0,2.0) are not supported in debugger expressions.

Floating-point numbers of type REAL*4 and COMPLEX*8 may be represented by F_Floating or IEEE S_Floating, depending on compiler switches.

Floating-point numbers of type REAL*8 and COMPLEX*16 may be represented by D_Floating, G_Floating, or IEEE T_Floating, depending on compiler switches.

On OpenVMS Alpha systems, the debugger cannot evaluate expressions that contain complex variables. To work around this problem, examine the complex variable and then evaluate the expression using the real and imaginary parts of the complex variable as shown by the EXAMINE command.

C.9.5 Initialization Code

When you debug a program that compiled with the /CHECK=UNDERFLOW or /PARALLEL qualifier, a message appears, as in the following example:

DBG> RUN FORMS Language: FORTRAN, Module: FORMS Type GO to reach main program DBG>

The "Type GO to reach MAIN program" message indicates that execution is supended before the start of the main program, so that you can execute initialization code under debugger control. Entering the GO command places you at the start of the main program. At that point, enter the GO command again to start program execution, as with other types of Fortran programs.

C.10 MACRO-32

The following subtopics describe debugger support for MACRO-32.

C.10.1 Operators in Language Expressions

The MACRO-32 language does not have expressions in the same sense as high-level languages. Only assembly-time expressions and only a limited set of operators are accepted. To permit the MACRO-32 programmer to use expressions at debug-time as freely as in other languages, the debugger accepts a number of operators in MACRO-32 language expressions that are not found in MACRO-32 itself. In particular, the debugger accepts a complete set of comparison and Boolean operators modeled after BLISS. It also accepts the indirection operator and the normal arithmetic operators.

Kind	Symbol	Function
Prefix	@	Indirection
Prefix	.	Indirection
Prefix	+	Unary plus
Prefix	-	Unary minus (negation)
Infix	+	Addition
Infix	-	Subtraction
Infix	*	Multiplication
Infix	/	Division
Infix	MOD	Remainder
Infix	@	Left shift
Infix	EQL	Equal to
Infix	EQLU	Equal to
Infix	NEQ	Not equal to
Infix	NEQU	Not equal to
Infix	GTR	Greater than
Infix	GTRU	Greater than unsigned
Infix	GEQ	Greater than or equal to
Infix	GEQU	Greater than or equal to unsigned
Infix	LSS	Less than
Infix	LSSU	Less than unsigned
Infix	LEQ	Less than or equal to
Infix	LEQU	Less than or equal to unsigned
Prefix	NOT	Bit-wise NOT
Infix	AND	Bit-wise AND
Infix	OR	Bit-wise OR
Infix	XOR	Bit-wise exclusive OR
Infix	EQV	Bit-wise equivalence

C.10.2 Constructs in Language and Address Expressions

Supported constructs in language and address expressions for MACRO-32 follow:

Symbol	Construct
[ ]	Subscripting
<p,s,e>	Bit field selection as in BLISS

The DST information generated by the MACRO-32 assembler treats a label that is followed by an assembler directive for storage allocation as an array variable whose name is the label. This enables you to use the array syntax of a high-level language when examining or manipulating such data.

In the following example of MACRO-32 source code, the label LAB4 designates hexadecimal data stored in four words:

LAB4: .WORD ^X3F,5[2],^X3C

The debugger treats LAB4 as an array variable. For example, the following command displays the value stored in each element (word):

DBG> EXAMINE LAB4 .MAIN.\MAIN\LAB4 [0]: 003F [1]: 0005 [2]: 0005 [3]: 003C

The following command displays the value stored in the fourth word (the first word is indexed as element "0"):

DBG> EXAMINE LAB4[3] .MAIN.\MAIN\LAB4[3]: 03C

C.10.3 Data Types

MACRO-32 binds a data type to a label name according to the assembler directive that follows the label definition. Supported MACRO-32 directives follow:

MACRO-32 Directives	Operating System Data Type Name
.BYTE	Byte Unsigned (BU)
.WORD	Word Unsigned (WU)
.LONG	Longword Unsigned (LU)
.SIGNED_BYTE	Byte Integer (B)
.SIGNED_WORD	Word Integer (W)
.LONG	Longword Integer (L)
.QUAD	Quadword Integer (Q)
.F_FLOATING	F_Floating (F)
.D_FLOATING	D_Floating (D)
.G_FLOATING	G_Floating (G)
(Not applicable)	Packed decimal (P)

C.10.4 MACRO-32 Compiler (AMACRO) (Alpha Only)

Programmers who are porting applications written in MACRO-32 to Alpha systems use the MACRO-32 compiler (AMACRO). A debugging session for compiled MACRO-32 code is similar to that for assembled code. However, there are some important differences that are described in this section. For complete information on porting these applications, see the Porting VAX MACRO Code from OpenVMS VAX to OpenVMS Alpha manual.