All variable and label names within a single BASIC program must be unique. Otherwise the debugger cannot resolve the symbol ambiguity.

C.5 BLISS

The following subtopics describe debugger support for BLISS.

C.5.1 Operators in Language Expressions

Supported BLISS operators in language expressions include:

Kind	Symbol	Function
Prefix	.	Indirection
Prefix	+	Unary plus
Prefix	-	Unary minus (negation)
Infix	+	Addition
Infix	-	Subtraction
Infix	*	Multiplication
Infix	/	Division
Infix	MOD	Remainder
Infix	^	Left shift
Infix	EQL	Equal to
Infix	EQLU	Equal to
Infix	EQLA	Equal to
Infix	NEQ	Not equal to
Infix	NEQU	Not equal to
Infix	NEQA	Not equal to
Infix	GTR	Greater than
Infix	GTRU	Greater than unsigned
Infix	GTRA	Greater than unsigned
Infix	GEQ	Greater than or equal to
Infix	GEQU	Greater than or equal to unsigned
Infix	GEQA	Greater than or equal to unsigned
Infix	LSS	Less than
Infix	LSSU	Less than unsigned
Infix	LSSA	Less than unsigned
Infix	LEQ	Less than or equal to
Infix	LEQU	Less than or equal to unsigned
Infix	LEQA	Less than or equal to unsigned
Prefix	NOT	Bit-wise NOT
Infix	AND	Bit-wise AND
Infix	OR	Bit-wise OR
Infix	XOR	Bit-wise exclusive OR
Infix	EQV	Bit-wise equivalence

C.5.2 Constructs in Language and Address Expressions

Supported constructs in language and address expressions for BLISS follow:

Symbol	Construct
[ ]	Subscripting
[fldname]	Field selection
<p,s,e>	Bit field selection

C.5.3 Data Types

The following subtopics describe debugger support for C.

C.6.1 Operators in Language Expressions

Supported C operators in language expressions include:

Kind	Symbol	Function
Prefix	*	Indirection
Prefix	&	Address of
Prefix	sizeof	size of
Prefix	-	Unary minus (negation)
Infix	+	Addition
Infix	-	Subtraction
Infix	*	Multiplication
Infix	/	Division
Infix	%	Remainder
Infix	<<	Left shift
Infix	>>	Right shift
Infix	==	Equal to
Infix	!=	Not equal to
Infix	>	Greater than
Infix	>=	Greater than or equal to
Infix	<	Less than
Infix	<=	Less than or equal to
Prefix	~ (tilde)	Bit-wise NOT
Infix	&	Bit-wise AND
Infix	|	Bit-wise OR
Infix	^	Bit-wise exclusive OR
Prefix	!	Logical NOT
Infix	&&	Logical AND
Infix	||	Logical OR

Because the exclamation point (!) is an operator in C, it cannot be used as the comment delimiter. When the language is set to C, the debugger instead accepts /* as the comment delimiter. The comment continues to the end of the current line. (A matching */ is neither needed nor recognized.) To permit debugger log files to be used as debugger input, the debugger still recognizes an exclamation point (!) as a comment delimiter if it is the first nonspace character on a line.

The debugger accepts the prefix asterisk (*) as an indirection operator in both C language expressions and debugger address expressions. In address expressions, prefix "*" is synonymous to prefix "." or "@" when the language is set to C.

The debugger does not support any of the assignment operators in C (or any other language) in order to prevent unintended modifications to the program being debugged. Hence such operators as =, +=, -=, ++, and -- are not recognized. To alter the contents of a memory location, you must use an explicit DEPOSIT command.

C.6.2 Constructs in Language and Address Expressions

Supported constructs in language and address expressions for C follow:

Symbol	Construct
[ ]	Subscripting
. (period)	Structure component selection
->	Pointer dereferencing

C.6.3 Data Types

Floating-point numbers of type float may be represented by F_Floating or IEEE S_Floating, depending on compiler switches.

Floating-point numbers of type double may be represented by IEEE T_Floating, D_Floating, or G_Floating, depending on compiler switches.

C.6.4 Case Sensitivity

Symbol names are case sensitive for language C, meaning that uppercase and lowercase letters are treated as different characters.

C.6.5 Static and Nonstatic Variables

Variables of the following storage classes are allocated statically: static, globaldef, globalref, and extern.

Variables of the following storage classes are allocated nonstatically (on the stack or in registers): auto and register. Such variables can be accessed only when their defining routine is active (on the call stack).

C.6.6 Scalar Variables

You can specify scalar variables of any C type in debugger commands exactly as you would specify them in the source code of the program.

The following paragraphs provide additional information about char variables and pointers.

The char variables are interpreted by the debugger as byte integers, not ASCII characters. To display the contents of a char variable ch as a character, you must use the /ASCII qualifier:

DBG> EXAMINE/ASCII ch SCALARS\main\ch: "A"

You also must use the /ASCII qualifier when depositing into a char variable, to translate the byte integer into its ASCII equivalent. For example:

DBG> DEPOSIT/ASCII ch = 'z' DBG> EXAMINE/ASCII ch SCALARS\main\ch: "z"

The following example shows use of pointer syntax with the EXAMINE command. Assume the following declarations and assignments:

static long li = 790374270; static int *ptr = &li;

DBG> EXAMINE *ptr *SCALARS\main\ptr: 790374270

C.6.7 Arrays

The debugger handles C arrays as for most other languages. That is, you can examine an entire array aggregate, a slice of an array, or an individual array element, using array syntax (for example EXAMINE arr[3]). And you can deposit into only one array element at a time.

C.6.8 Character Strings

Character strings are implemented in C as null-terminated ASCII strings (ASCIZ strings). To examine and deposit data in an entire string, use the /ASCIZ (or /AZ) qualifier so that the debugger can interpret the end of the string properly. You can examine and deposit individual characters in the string using the C array subscripting operators ([ ]). When you examine and deposit individual characters, use the /ASCII qualifier.

Assume the following declarations and assignments:

static char *s = "vaxie"; static char **t = &s;

The EXAMINE/AZ command displays the contents of the character string pointed to by *s and **t:

DBG> EXAMINE/AZ *s *STRING\main\s: "vaxie" DBG> EXAMINE/AZ **t **STRING\main\t: "vaxie"

The DEPOSIT/AZ command deposits a new ASCIZ string in the variable pointed to by *s . The EXAMINE/AZ command displays the new contents of the string:

DBG> DEPOSIT/AZ *s = "DEC C" DBG> EXAMINE/AZ *s, **t *STRING\main\s: "DEC C" **STRING\main\t: "DEC C"

You can use array subscripting to examine individual characters in the string and deposit new ASCII values at specific locations within the string. When accessing individual members of a string, use the /ASCII qualifier. A subsequent EXAMINE/AZ command shows the entire string containing the deposited value:

DBG> EXAMINE/ASCII s[3] [3]: " " DBG> DEPOSIT/ASCII s[3] = "-" DBG> EXAMINE/AZ *s, **t *STRING\main\s: "VAX-C" **STRING\main\t: "VAX-C"

C.6.9 Structures and Unions

You can examine structures in their entirety or on a member-by-member basis, and deposit data into structures one member at a time.

To reference members of a structure or union, use the usual C syntax for such references. That is, if variable p is a pointer to a structure, you can reference member y of that structure with the expression p ->y . If variable x refers to the base of the storage allocated for a structure, you can refer to a member of that structure with the x.y expression.

The debugger uses C type-checking rules to reference members of a structure or union. For example, in the case of x.y , y need not be a member of x ; it is treated as an offset with a type. When such a reference is ambiguous---when there is more than one structure with a member y ---the debugger attempts to resolve the reference according to the following rules. The same rules for resolving the ambiguity of a reference to a member of a structure or union apply to both x.y and p ->y .

• If only one of the members, y , belongs in the structure or union, x , that is the one that is referenced.
• If only one of the members, y , is in the same scope as x , then that is the one that is referenced.

You can always give a path name with the reference to x to narrow the scope that is used and to resolve the ambiguity. The same path name is used to look up both x and y .

C.7 C++ Version 5.5 and Later (Alpha and Integrity servers Only)

The debugger supports the following C++ features:

• C++ names and expressions, including:
  • Explicit and implicit this pointer to refer to class members
  • Scope resolution operator (::)
  • Member access operators: period (.) and right arrow (->)
  • Template instantiations
  • Template names
• Setting breakpoints in:
  • Member functions, including static and virtual functions
  • Overloaded functions
  • Constructors and destructors
  • Template instantiations
  • Operators
• Calling functions, including overloaded functions
• Debugging programs containing a mixture of C++ code and code in other languages

The debugging examples in this section refer to the test program contained in Example C-1, and are extracted from the debugging session contained in Example C-2. The following subtopics describe debugger support for C++.

C.7.1 Operators in Language Expressions

Supported C++ operators in language expressions follow:

Kind	Symbol	Function
Prefix	*	Indirection
Prefix	&	Address of
Prefix	sizeof	size of
Prefix	--	Unary minus (negation)
Infix	+	Addition
Infix	--	Subtraction
Infix	*	Multiplication
Infix	/	Division
Infix	%	Remainder
Infix	<<	Left shift
Infix	>>	Right shift
Infix	==	Equal to
Infix	!=	Not equal to
Infix	>	Greater than
Infix	>=	Greater than or equal to
Infix	<	Less than
Infix	<=	Less than or equal to
Prefix	~ (tilde)	Bit-wise NOT
Infix	&	Bit-wise AND
Infix	|	Bit-wise OR
Infix	^	Bit-wise exclusive OR
Prefix	!	Logical NOT
Infix	&&	Logical AND
Infix	||	Logical OR

Because the exclamation point (!) is an operator, it cannot be used in C++ programs as a comment delimiter. However, to permit debugger log files to be used as debugger input, the debugger interprets ! as a comment delimiter when it is the first nonspace character on a line. In C++ language mode, the debugger also interprets /* or // as preceding a comment that continues to the end of the current line.

The debugger accepts the asterisk (*) prefix as an indirection operator in both C++ language expressions and debugger address expressions. In address expressions, the * prefix is synonymous with either the period (.) prefix or at sign (@) prefix when the debugger is in C++ language mode.

To prevent unintended modifications to the program being debugged, the debugger does not support any of the assignment operators in C++ (or any other language). Thus, such operators as =, +=, --=, ++, and -- are not recognized in debugger commands. To alter the contents of a memory location, you must use the debugger DEPOSIT command.