Writes output to the stream under control of the wide-character format string.

Format

#include <wchar.h>

int fwprintf (FILE *stream, const wchar_t *format, ...);

Arguments

stream

A file pointer.

format

A pointer to a wide-character string containing the format specifications. For more information about format and conversion specifications and their corresponding arguments, see Chapter 2.

...

Optional expressions whose resultant types correspond to conversion specifications given in the format specification.

If no conversion specifications are given, the output sources can be omitted. Otherwise, the function calls must have exactly as many output sources as there are conversion specifications, and the conversion specifications must match the types of the output sources.

Conversion specifications are matched to output sources in left-to-right order. Any excess output sources are ignored.

Description

The fwprintf function writes output to the stream pointed to by stream under control of the wide-character string pointed to by format, which specifies how to convert subsequent arguments to output. If there are insufficient arguments for the format, the behavior is undefined. If the format is exhausted while arguments remain, the excess arguments are evaluated, but are otherwise ignored. The fwprintf function returns when it encounters the end of the format string.

The format argument is composed of zero or more directives that include:

• Ordinary wide characters (not the percent sign (%))
• Conversion specifications

Return Values

n

The number of wide characters written.

Negative value

Indicates an error. The function sets errno to one of the following: EILSEQ -- Invalid character detected. EINVAL -- Insufficient arguments. ENOMEM -- Not enough memory available for conversion. ERANGE -- Floating-point calculations overflow. EVMSERR -- Nontranslatable OpenVMS error. vaxc$errno contains the OpenVMS error code. This might indicate that conversion to a numeric value failed because of overflow. The function can also set errno to the following as a result of errors returned from the I/O subsystem: EBADF -- The file descriptor is not valid. EIO -- I/O error. ENOSPC -- No free space on the device containing the file. ENXIO -- Device does not exist. EPIPE -- Broken pipe. ESPIPE -- Illegal seek in a file opened for append. EVMSERR -- Nontranslatable OpenVMS error. vaxc$errno contains the OpenVMS error code. This indicates that an I/O error occurred for which there is no equivalent C error code.

Example

The following example shows how to print a date and time in the form "Sunday, July 3, 10:02", followed by pi to five decimal places:

#include <math.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <wchar.h> /*...*/ wchar_t *weekday, *month; /* pointers to wide-character strings */ int day, hours, min; fwprintf(stdout, L"%ls, %ls %d, %.2d:%.2d\n", weekday, month, day, hour, min); fwprintf(stdout, L"pi = %.5f\n", 4 * atan(1.0));

Writes a specified number of items to the file.

Format

#include <stdio.h>

size_t fwrite (const void *ptr, size_t size_of_item, size_t number_items, FILE *file_ptr);

Arguments

ptr

A pointer to the memory location from which information is being written. The type of the object pointed to is determined by the type of the item being written.

size_of_item

The size, in bytes, of the items being written.

number_items

The number of items to be written.

file_ptr

A file pointer that indicates the file to which the items are being written.

Description

The type size_t is defined in the header file <stdio.h> as follows:

typedef unsigned int size_t

The writing begins at the current location in the file. The items are written from storage beginning at the location given by the first argument. You must also specify the size of an item, in bytes.

If the file pointed to by file_ptr is a record file, the fwrite function outputs at least number_items records, each of length size_of_item.

Return Value

x	The number of items written. The number of records written depends upon the maximum record size of the file.

Reads input from the stream under control of the wide-character format string.

Format

#include <wchar.h>

int fwscanf (FILE *stream, const wchar_t *format, ...);

Arguments

stream

A file pointer.

format

A pointer to a wide-character string containing the format specification. For more information about format and conversion specifications and their corresponding arguments, see Chapter 2.

...

Optional expressions whose results correspond to conversion specifications given in the format specification. For more information about format and conversion specifications and their corresponding arguments, see Chapter 2.

If no conversion specifications are given, you can omit the input pointers. Otherwise, the function calls must have exactly as many input pointers as there are conversion specifications, and the conversion specifications must match the types of the input pointers.

Conversion specifications are matched to input sources in left-to-right order. Excess input pointers, if any, are ignored.

Description

The fwscanf function reads input from the stream pointed to by stream under the control of the wide-character string pointed to by format. If there are insufficient arguments for the format, the behavior is undefined. If the format is exhausted while arguments remain, the excess arguments are evaluated, but otherwise ignored.

The format is composed of zero or more directives that include:

• One or more white-space wide characters.
• An ordinary wide character (neither a percent (%)) nor a white-space wide character).
• Conversion specifications.

Each conversion specification is introduced by the wide character %.

If the stream pointed to by the stream argument has no orientation, fwscanf makes the stream wide-oriented.

Return Values

n	The number of input items assigned, sometimes fewer than provided for, or even zero, in the event of an early matching failure.
EOF	Indicates an error; input failure occurs before any conversion.

Converts its argument to a null-terminated string of ASCII digits and returns the address of the string.

Format

#include <stdlib.h>

char *gcvt (double value, int ndigit, char *buffer);

Arguments

value

An object of type double that is converted to a null-terminated string of ASCII digits.

ndigit

The number of ASCII digits to use in the converted string. If ndigit is less than 6, the value of 6 is used.

buffer

A storage location to hold the converted string.

Description

The gcvt function places the converted string in a buffer and returns the address of the buffer. If possible, gcvt produces ndigit significant digits in F-format, or if not possible, in E-format. Trailing zeros are suppressed.

The ecvt , fcvt , and gcvt functions represent the following special values specified in the IEEE Standard for floating-point arithmetic:

Value	Representation
Quiet NaN	NaNQ
Signalling NaN	NaNS
+Infinity	Infinity
- Infinity	- Infinity

The sign associated with each of these values is stored into the sign argument. In IEEE floating-point representation, a value of 0 (zero) can be positive or negative, as set by the sign argument.

See also fcvt and ecvt .

Return Value

x	The address of the buffer.

Returns the next character from a specified file.

Format

#include <stdio.h>

int getc (FILE *file_ptr);

Argument

file_ptr

A pointer to the file to be accessed.

Description

The getc macro returns the next byte from the input stream specified by the file_ptr parameter and moves the file pointer, if defined, ahead one byte in the input stream.

Since getc is a macro, a file pointer argument with side effects (for example, getc (*f++) ) might be evaluated incorrectly. In such a case, use the fgetc function instead. See the fgetc function.

See also getc_unlocked .

Return Values

n	The returned character.
EOF	Indicates the end-of-file or an error.

Same as getc , except used only within a scope protected by flockfile and funlockfile .

Format

#include <stdio.h>

int getc_unlocked (FILE *file_ptr);

Argument

file_ptr

A file pointer.

Description

The reentrant version of the getc macro is locked against multiple threads calling it simultaneously. This incurs overhead to ensure integrity of the stream. The unlocked version of this call, getc_unlocked can be used to avoid the overhead. The getc_unlocked macro is functionally identical to the getc macro, except that it is not required to be implemented in a thread-safe manner. The getc_unlocked macro can be safely used only within a scope that is protected by the flockfile and funlockfile functions used as a pair. The caller must ensure that the stream is locked before getc_unlocked is used.

Since getc_unlocked is a macro, a file pointer argument with side effects might be evaluated incorrectly. In such a case, use the fgetc_unlocked function instead.

See also flockfile , ftrylockfile , and funlockfile .

Return Values

n	The returned character.
EOF	Indicates the end-of-file or an error.

Get a character from the terminal screen and echo it on the specified window. The getch function echoes the character on the stdscr window.

Format

#include <curses.h>

char getch();

char wgetch (WINDOW *win);

Argument

win

A pointer to the window.

Description

The getch and wgetch functions refresh the specified window before fetching a character. For more information, see the scrollok function.

Return Values

x	The returned character.
ERR	Indicates that the function makes the screen scroll illegally.

Reads a single character from the standard input ( stdin ).

Format

#include <stdio.h>

int getchar (void);

Description

The getchar function is identical to fgetc ( stdin ).

See also getchar_unlocked .

Return Values

x	The next character from stdin , converted to int .
EOF	Indicates the end-of-file or an error.

Same as getchar , except used only within a scope protected by flockfile and funlockfile .

Format

#include <stdio.h>

int getchar_unlocked (void);

Description

The reentrant version of the getchar function is locked against multiple threads calling it simultaneously. This incurs overhead to ensure integrity of the input stream. The unlocked version of this call, getchar_unlocked can be used to avoid the overhead. The getchar_unlocked function is functionally identical to the getchar function, except that it is not required to be implemented in a thread-safe manner. The getchar_unlocked function can be safely used only within a scope that is protected by the flockfile and funlockfile functions used as a pair. The caller must ensure that the stream is locked before getchar_unlocked is used.

See also flockfile , ftrylockfile , and funlockfile .

Return Values

x	The next character from stdin , converted to int .
EOF	Indicates the end-of-file or an error.

Gets the current value of the systemwide clock.

Format

#include <timers.h>

int getclock (int clktyp, struct timespec *tp);

Arguments

clktyp

The type of systemwide clock.

tp

Pointer to a timespec structure space where the current value of the systemwide clock is stored.

Description

The getclock function sets the current value of the clock specified by clktyp into the location pointed to by tp.

The clktyp argument is given as a symbolic constant name, as defined in the <timers.h> header file. Only the TIMEOFDAY symbolic constant, which specifies the normal time-of-day clock to access for systemwide time, is supported.

For the clock specified by TIMEOFDAY , the value returned by this function is the elapsed time since the Epoch. The Epoch is referenced to 00:00:00 UTC (Coordinated Universal Time) 1 Jan 1970.

The getclock function returns a timespec structure, which is defined in the <timers.h> header file as follows:

struct timespec { unsigned long tv_sec /* Elapsed time in seconds since the Epoch*/ long tv_nsec /* Elapsed time as a fraction of a second */ /* since the Epoch (in nanoseconds) */ };

Return Values

0	Indicates success.
- 1	Indicates an error; errno is set to one of the following values: EINVAL -- The clktyp argument does not specify a known systemwide clock. Or, the value of SYS$TIMEZONE_DIFFERENTIAL logical is wrong. EIO -- An error occurred when the systemwide clock specified by the clktyp argument was accessed.

Returns a pointer to the file specification for the current working directory.

Format

#include <unistd.h>

char *getcwd (char *buffer, size_t size); (ISO POSIX-1)

char *getcwd (char *buffer, unsigned int size, ...); (HP C EXTENSION)

Arguments

buffer

Pointer to a character string large enough to hold the directory specification.

If buffer is a NULL pointer, getcwd obtains size bytes of space using malloc . In this case, you can use the pointer returned by getcwd as the argument in a subsequent call to free .

size

The length of the directory specification to be returned.

...

An optional argument that can be either 1 or 0. If you specify 1, the directory specification is returned in OpenVMS format. If you specify 0, the directory specification (pathname) is returned in UNIX style format. If you omit this argument, getcwd returns the filename according to your current command-language interpreter (CLI). For more information about UNIX style directory specifications, see Section 1.3.3.

Return Values

x	A pointer to the file specification.
NULL	Indicates an error.

Gets the total number of file descriptors that a process can have open simultaneously.

Format

#include <unistd.h>

int getdtablesize (void);

Description

The getdtablesize function returns the total number of file descriptors that a process can have open simultaneously. Each process is limited to a fixed number of open file descriptors.

The number of file descriptors that a process can have open is the minumum of the following:

• HP C RTL open file limit---65535 on OpenVMS Alpha and Integrity servers.
• SYSGEN CHANNELCNT parameter---permanent I/O channel count.
• Process open file quota FILLM parameter---number of open files that can be opened by a process at one time.

Return Values

x	The number of file descriptors that a process can have open simultaneously.
- 1	Indicates an error.

With POSIX IDs disabled, this function is equivalent to getgid and returns the group number from the user identification code (UIC).

With POSIX IDs enabled, this function returns the effective group ID of the calling process.

Format

#include <unistd.h>

gid_t getegid (void);

Description

The getegid function can be used with POSIX style identifiers (IDs) or with UIC-based identifiers.

POSIX style IDs are supported on OpenVMS Version 7.3-2 and higher.

With POSIX style IDs disabled, the getegid and getgid functions are equivalent and return the group number from the current UIC. For example, if the UIC is [313,031], 313 is the group number.

With POSIX style IDs enabled, getegid returns the effective group ID of the calling process, and getgid returns the real group ID of the calling process. The real group ID is specified at login time. The effective group ID is more transient, and determines additional access permission during execution of a set-group-ID process. It is for such processes that the getgid function is most useful.

The getegid function is always successful; no return value is reserved to indicate an error.

To enable/disable POSIX style IDs, see Section 1.6.

See also geteuid and getuid .

Return Value

x	The effective group ID (POSIX IDs enabled), or the group number from the UIC (POSIX IDs disabled).