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If the information stored at the location pointed to by status_location was stored there by a call to wait3 that specified the WUNTRACED flag, one of the following macros evaluates to a nonzero value:
If the information stored in the location pointed to by status_location resulted from a call to wait3 without the WUNTRACED flag specified, one of the following macros evaluates to a nonzero value:
The wait3 function provides compatibility with BSD systems. The resource_usage argument points to a location that contains resource usage information for the child processes as defined in the <resource.h> header file.
If a parent process terminates without waiting for all of its child processes to terminate, the remaining child processes is assigned a parent process ID equal to the process ID of the init process.
See also exit , -exit , and init .
0 Indicates success. There are no stopped or exited child processes, the WNOHANG option is specified. x The process_id of the child process. The status of a child process is available. - 1 Indicates an error; errno is set to one of the following values:
- ECHILD -- There are no child processes to wait for.
- EINTR -- Terminated by receipt of a signal intercepted by the calling process.
- EFAULT -- The status_location or resource_usage argument points to a location outside of the address space of the process.
- EINVAL--- The value of the options argument is not valid.
Waits for a child process to stop or terminate.
#include <wait.h>pid_t wait4 (pid_t process_id, union wait *status_location, int options, struct rusage *resource_usage);
status_location
A pointer to a location that contains the termination status of the child process as defined in the <wait.h> header file.Beginning with OpenVMS Version 7.2, when compiled with the _VMS_WAIT macro defined, the wait4 function puts the OpenVMS completion code of the child process at the address specified in the status_location argument.
process_id
The child process or set of child processes.options
Flags that modify the behavior of the function. These flags are defined in the Description section.resource_usage
The location of a structure that contains the resource utilization information for terminated child processes.
The wait4 function suspends the calling process until the request is completed.The process_id argument allows the calling process to gather status from a specific set of child processes, according to the following rules:
If the process_id is Then status is requested Equal to - 1 For any child process. In this respect, the waitpid function is equivalent to the wait function. Greater than 0 For a single child process and specifies the process ID. The wait4 function only returns the status of a child process from this set.
The options argument to the wait4 function modifies the behavior of the function. You can combine the flags for the options argument by specifying their bitwise-inclusive OR. The flags are:
WNOWAIT Specifies that the process whose status is returned in status_location is kept in a waitable state. You can wait for the process again with the same results. WNOHANG Prevents the suspension of the calling process. If there are child processes that stopped or terminated, one is chosen and the waitpid function returns its process ID, as when you do not specify the WNOHANG flag. If there are no terminated processes (that is, if waitpid suspends the calling process without the WNOHANG flag), 0 is returned. Because you can never wait for process 0, there is no confusion arising from this return. WUNTRACED Specifies that the call return additional information when the child processes of the current process stop because the child process received a SIGTTIN, SIGTTOU, SIGSTOP, or SIGTSTOP signal. If the wait4 function returns because the status of a child process is available, the process ID of the child process is returned. Information is stored in the location pointed to by status_location, if this pointer is not null.
The value stored in the location pointed to by status_location is 0 only if the status is returned from a terminated child process that did one of the following:
- Returned 0 from the main function.
- Passed 0 as the status argument to the _exit or exit function.
Regardless of the status_location value, you can define this information using the macros defined in the <wait.h> header file, which evaluate to integral expressions. In the following macro descriptions, status_value is equal to the integer value pointed to by status_location:
WIFEXITED (status_value ) Evaluates to a nonzero value if status was returned for a child process that terminated normally. WEXITSTATUS (status_value ) If the value of WIFEXITED (status_value ) is nonzero, this macro evaluates to the low-order 8 bits of the status argument that the child process passed to the _exit or exit function, or to the value the child process returned from the main function. WIFSIGNALED (status_value ) Evaluates to a nonzero value if status was returned for a child process that terminated due to the receipt of a signal that was not intercepted. WTERMSIG (status_value ) If the value of WIFSIGNALED (status_value ) is nonzero, this macro evaluates to the number of the signal that caused the termination of the child process. WIFSTOPPED (status_value ) Evaluates to a nonzero value if status was returned for a child process that is currently stopped. WSTOPSIG (status_value ) If the value of WIFSTOPPED (status_value ) is nonzero, this macro evaluates to the number of the signal that caused the child process to stop. WIFCONTINUED (status_value ) Evaluates to a nonzero value if status was returned for a child process that has continued. If the information stored at the location pointed to by status_location was stored there by a call to wait4 that specified the WUNTRACED flag, one of the following macros evaluates to a nonzero value:
- WIFEXITED (*status_value)
- WIFSIGNALED (*status_value)
- WIFSTOPPED (*status_value)
- WIFCONTINUED (*status_value)
If the information stored in the location pointed to by status_location resulted from a call to wait4 without the WUNTRACED flag specified, one of the following macros evaluates to a nonzero value:
- WIFEXITED (*status_value)
- WIFSIGNALED (*status_value)
The wait4 function is similar to the wait3 function. However, the wait4 function waits for a specific child as indicated by the process_id argument. The resource_usage argument points to a location that contains resource usage information for the child processes as defined in the <resource.h> header file.
See also exit and _exit .
0 Indicates success. There are no stopped or exited child processes, the WNOHANG option is specified. x The process_id of the child process. The status of a child process is available. - 1 Indicates an error; errno is set to one of the following values:
- ECHILD -- There are no child processes to wait for.
- EINTR -- Terminated by receipt of a signal intercepted by the calling process.
- EFAULT -- The status_location or resource_usage argument points to a location outside of the address space of the process.
- EINVAL--- The value of the options argument is not valid.
Waits for a child process to stop or terminate.
#include <wait.h>pid_t waitpid (pid_t process_id, int *status_location, int options);
process_id
The child process or set of child processes.status_location
A pointer to a location that contains the termination status of the child process as defined in the <wait.h> header file.Beginning with OpenVMS Version 7.2, when compiled with the _VMS_WAIT macro defined, the waitpid function puts the OpenVMS completion code of the child process at the address specified in the status_location argument.
options
Flags that modify the behavior of the function. These flags are defined in the Description section.
The waitpid function suspends the calling process until the request is completed. It is redefined so that only the calling thread is suspended.If the process_id argument is - 1 and the options argument is 0, the waitpid function behaves the same as the wait function. If these arguments have other values, the waitpid function is changed as specified by those values.
The process_id argument allows the calling process to gather status from a specific set of child processes, according to the following rules:
If the process_id is Then status is requested Equal to - 1 For any child process. In this respect, the waitpid function is equivalent to the wait function. Greater than 0 For a single child process and specifies the process ID. The waitpid function only returns the status of a child process from this set.
The options argument to the waitpid function modifies the behavior of the function. You can combine the flags for the options argument by specifying their bitwise-inclusive OR. The flags are:
WCONTINUED Specifies that the following is reported to the calling process: the status of any continued child process specified by the process_id argument whose status is unreported since it continued. WNOWAIT Specifies that the process whose status is returned in status_location is kept in a waitable state. You can wait for the process again with the same results. WNOHANG Prevents the calling process from being suspended. If there are child processes that stopped or terminated, one is chosen and waitpid returns its PID, as when you do not specify the WNOHANG flag. If there are no terminated processes (that is, if waitpid suspends the calling process without the WNOHANG flag), 0 (zero) is returned. Because you can never wait for process 0, there is no confusion arising from this return. WUNTRACED Specifies that the call return additional information when the child processes of the current process stop because the child process received a SIGTTIN, SIGTTOU, SIGSTOP, or SIGTSTOP signal. If the waitpid function returns because the status of a child process is available, the process ID of the child process is returned. Information is stored in the location pointed to by status_location, if this pointer is not null. The value stored in the location pointed to by status_location is 0 only if the status is returned from a terminated child process that did one of the following:
- Returned 0 from the main function.
- Passed 0 as the status argument to the _exit or exit function.
Regardless of the value of status_location, you can define this information using the macros defined in the <wait.h> header file, which evaluate to integral expressions. In the following function descriptions, status_value is equal to the integer value pointed to by status_location:
WIFEXITED (status_value ) Evaluates to a nonzero value if status was returned for a child process that terminated normally. WEXITSTATUS (status_value ) If the value of WIFEXITED (status_value ) is nonzero, this macro evaluates to the low-order 8 bits of the status argument that the child process passed to the _exit or exit function, or to the value the child process returned from the main function. WIFSIGNALED (status_value ) Evaluates to a nonzero value if status returned for a child process that terminated due to the receipt of a signal not intercepted. WTERMSIG (status_value ) If the value of WIFSIGNALED (status_value ) is nonzero, this macro evaluates to the number of the signal that caused the termination of the child process. WIFSTOPPED (status_value ) Evaluates to a nonzero value if status was returned for a child process that is currently stopped. WSTOPSIG (status_value ) If the value of WIFSTOPPED (status_value ) is nonzero, this macro evaluates to the number of the signal that caused the child process to stop. WIFCONTINUED (status_value ) Evaluates to a nonzero value if status returned for a child process that continued. If the information stored at the location pointed to by status_location is stored there by a call to waitpid that specified the WUNTRACED flag, one of the following macros evaluates to a nonzero value:
- WIFEXITED (*status_value)
- WIFSIGNALED (*status_value)
- WIFSTOPPED (*status_value)
- WIFCONTINUED (*status_value)
If the information stored in the buffer pointed to by status_location resulted from a call to waitpid without the WUNTRACED flag specified, one of the following macros evaluates to a nonzero value:
- WIFEXITED (*status_value)
- WIFSIGNALED (*status_value)
If a parent process terminates without waiting for all of its child processes to terminate, the remaining child processes is assigned a parent process ID equal to the process ID of the init process.
See also exit , _exit , and wait .
0 Indicates success. If the WNOHANG option was specified, and there are no stopped or exited child processes, the waitpid function also returns a value of 0. - 1 Indicates an error; errno is set to one of the following values:
- ECHILD---The calling process has no existing unwaited-for child processes. The process or process group ID specified by the process_id argument does not exist or is not a child process of the calling process.
- EINTR---The function was terminated by receipt of a signal.
If the waitpid function returns because the status of a child process is available, the process ID of the child is returned to the calling process. If they return because a signal was intercepted by the calling process, - 1 is returned.
- EFAULT--- The status_location argument points to a location outside of the address space of the process.
- EINVAL--- The value of the options argument is not valid.
Converts the wide character to its multibyte character representation.
#include <wchar.h>size_t wcrtomb (char *s, wchar_t wc, mbstate_t *ps);
s
A pointer to the resulting multibyte character.wc
A wide character.ps
A pointer to the mbstate_t object. If a NULL pointer is specified, the function uses its internal mbstate_t object. mbstate_t is an opaque datatype intended to keep the conversion state for the state-dependent codesets.
If s is a NULL pointer, the wcrtomb function is equivalent to the call:
wcrtomb (buf, L'\0', ps)where buf is an internal buffer.
If s is not a NULL pointer, the wcrtomb function determines the number of bytes needed to represent the multibyte character that corresponds to the wide character specified by wc (including any shift sequences), and stores the resulting bytes in the array whose first element is pointed to by s. At most MB_CUR_MAX bytes are stored.
If wc is a null wide character, a null byte is stored preceded by any shift sequence needed to restore the initial shift state. The resulting state described is the initial conversion state.
n The number of bytes stored in the resulting array, including any shift sequences to represent the multibyte character. - 1 Indicates an encoding error. The wc argument is not a valid wide character. The global errno is set to EILSEQ ; the conversion state is undefined.
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