The <math.h> header file defines one macro and several mathematical functions. The functions take double arguments and return double-precision values.

The behavior of the functions in this header is defined for all representable values of their input arguments. Each function executes as if it were a single operation, without generating any externally visible exceptions.

For all functions, a domain error occurs if an input argument is outside the domain over which the mathematical function is defined. The description of each function lists any domain errors. On a domain error, the function returns an implementation-defined value; the value of the EDOM macro is stored in errno .

For all functions, a range error occurs if the result of the function cannot be represented as a double value. If the result overflows (the magnitude of the result is so large that it cannot be represented in an object of the specified type), the function returns the value of the macro HUGE_VAL , with the same sign (except for the tan function) as the correct value of the function; the value of the ERANGE macro is stored in errno . If the result underflows (the magnitude of the result is so small that it cannot be represented in an object of the specified type), the function returns 0; whether the value of the ERANGE macro is stored in errno is implementation-defined.

Macros

HUGE_VAL

Expands to a positive double expression.

Trigonometric Functions

double acos(double x);

Returns the value, in radians, of the arc cosine of x in the range [0,Pi sign]. A domain error occurs for arguments not in the interval [--1,+1].

double asin(double x);

Returns the value, in radians, of the arc sine of x in the range [--Pi sign/2,+Pi sign/2]. A domain error occurs for arguments not in the interval [--1,+1].

double atan(double x);

Returns the value, in radians, of the arc tangent of x in the range [--Pi sign/2,+Pi sign/2].

double atan2(double y, double x);

Returns the value, in radians, of the arc tangent of y/x, using the signs of both arguments to determine the quadrant of the return value. The value returned is in the range [--Pi sign,+Pi sign]. A domain error may occur if both arguments are 0.

double cos(double x);

Returns the value, in radians, of the cosine of x.

double sin(double x);

Returns the value, in radians, of the sine of x.

double tan(double x);

Returns the value, in radians, of the tangent of x.

Hyperbolic Functions

double cosh(double x);

Returns the value of the hyperbolic cosine of x. A range error occurs if the magnitude of x is too large.

double sinh(double x);

Returns the value of the hyperbolic sine of x. A range error occurs if the magnitude of x is too large.

double tanh(double x);

Returns the value of the hyperbolic tangent of x.

Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

double exp(double x);

Returns the value of the exponential function of x. A range error occurs if the magnitude of x is too large.

double frexp(double value, int *eptr);

Breaks the floating-point number value into a normalized fraction in the interval [1/2, 1) or 0, which it returns, and an integral power of 2, which it stores in the int object pointed to by eptr. If value is 0, both parts of the result are 0.

double ldexp(double x, int exp);

Multiplies a floating-point number by an integral power of 2, and returns the value x x 2^exp. A range error may occur.

double log(double x);

Returns the natural logarithm of x. A domain error occurs if the argument is negative. A range error may occur if the argument is 0.

double log10(double x);

Returns the base-ten logarithm of x. A domain error occurs if x is negative. A range error may occur if x is 0.

double modf(double value, double *iptr);

Breaks the argument value into integral and fractional parts, each of which has the same sign as the argument. The modf function returns the signed fractional part and stores the integral part as a double in the object pointed to by iptr.

Power Functions

double pow(double x, double y);

Returns the value x^y. A domain error occurs if x is negative and y is not an integral value. A domain error occurs if the result cannot be represented when x is 0 and y is less than or equal to 0. A range error may occur.

double sqrt(double x);

Returns the nonnegative square root of x. A domain error occurs if x is negative.

Nearest Integer, Absolute Value, and Remainder Functions

double ceil(double x);

Returns the smallest integral value not less than x.

double fabs(double x);

Returns the absolute value of a floating-point number x.

double floor(double x);

Returns the largest integral value not greater than x.

double fmod(double x, double y);

Computes the floating-point remainder of x/y. The fmod function returns the value x -- i * y, for some integer i such that if y is nonzero, the result has the same sign as x and magnitude less than the magnitude of y. The function returns 0 if y is 0.

The <setjmp.h> header file contains declarations that provide a way to avoid the normal function call and return sequence, typically to permit an intermediate return from a nested function call.

Macro

int setjmp(jmp_buf env)

Sets up the local jmp_buf buffer and initializes it for the jump (the jump itself is performed with longjmp .) This macro saves the program's calling environment in the environment buffer specified by the env argument for later use by the longjmp function. If the return is from a direct invocation, setjmp returns 0. If the return is from a call to longjmp , setjmp returns a nonzero value.

Type

jmp_buf

An array type suitable for holding the information needed to restore a calling environment.

Function

Restores the context of the environment buffer env that was saved by invocation of the setjmp function in the same invocation of the program. The longjmp function does not work if called from a nested signal handler; the result is undefined.
The value specified by value is passed from longjmp to setjmp . After longjmp is completed, program execution continues as if the corresponding invocation of setjmp had just returned value. If value is passed to setjmp as 0, it is converted to 1.

The <signal.h> header file declares a type and two functions and defines several macros for handling exception conditions that might be reported during program execution.

Type

sig_atomic_t

The integral type of an object that can be accessed as an atomic entity, even in the presence of asynchronous interrupts.

Macros

SIG_DFL
SIG_ERR
SIG_IGN

Expand to constant expressions with distinct values that have a type compatible with the second argument to, and the return value of, the signal function, and whose value compares unequal to the address of any declarable function.

Functions

void (*signal(int sig, void (*handler) (int))) (int);

Determines how subsequent signals are handled. Signals are handled in the following way:

1. If the value of handler is SIG_DFL , default handling of that signal occurs.
2. If the value of handler is SIG_IGN , the signal is ignored.
3. Otherwise, when that signal occurs, a function pointed to by handler is called with the argument of the type of signal. Such a function is called a signal handler. Valid signals include:
   • SIGABRT---abnormal termination, such as from the abort function
   • SIGFPE---arithmetic error, such as zero divide or overflow
   • SIGILL---invalid function image, such as an invalid instruction
   • SIGINT---interactive attention, such as an interrupt
   • SIGSEGV---invalid access to storage, such as outside of memory limit
   • SIGTERM---termination request sent to the program

Any other signals are operating-system dependent.
If the request can be honored, the signal function returns the value of handler for the most recent call to signal for the specified signal sig . Otherwise, a value of SIG_ERR is returned and an implementation-defined positive value is stored in errno .

int raise(int sig);

Sends the signal sig to the executing program. The raise function returns 0 if successful and nonzero if unsuccessful.

The <stdarg.h> header file declares a type and defines three macros for advancing through a list of function arguments of varying number and type.

Type

va_list

A type suitable for holding information needed by the macros va_start , va_arg , and va_end .
To access varying arguments, the called function must declare an object (referred to as ap in this section) that has the type va_list :

va_list ap;

The object ap can be passed as an argument to another function. If that function invokes the va_arg macro with parameter ap, the value of ap in the calling function is indeterminate and is passed to the va_end macro before any further reference to ap.

Macros

void va_start(va_list ap, parmN);

Initializes ap for subsequent use by va_arg and va_end . The va_start macro must be invoked before any access to the unnamed arguments.
The parameter parmN is the identifier of the rightmost parameter in the variable parameter list of the function definition. If parmN is declared with the register storage class, with a function or array type, or with a type that is not compatible with the type that results after application of the default arguments promotions, the behavior is undefined. The va_start macro returns no value.

type va_arg(va_list ap, type);

Expands to an expression that has the type and value of the next argument in the call. The parameter ap is the same as the va_list ap that was initialized by va_start . Each invocation of va_arg modifies ap so that the values of successive arguments are returned in turn. The parameter type is a type name specified such that the type of a pointer to an object that has the specified type can be obtained by postfixing an asterisk (*) to type. The behavior is undefined if there is no actual next argument, or if type is not compatible with the type of the next actual argument (as promoted according to the default argument promotions).
The first invocation of va_arg after that of va_start returns the value of the argument after that specified by parmN. Successive invocations return the values of the remaining arguments in turn.

void va_end(va_list ap);

Facilitates a normal return from the function whose variable argument list was referred to by the expansion of va_start that initialized the va_list ap object. The va_end macro can modify ap so that it can no longer be used (without an intervening invocation of va_start ). If there is no corresponding invocation of va_start or if va_end is not invoked before the return, the behavior is undefined. The va_end macro returns no value.

The <stdbool.h> header file defines four macros.

Macros

bool

Expands to _Bool .

true
false
__bool_true_false_are_defined

Suitable for use in #if preprocessing directives.
true expands to the integer constant 1.
false expands to the integer constant 0.
__bool_true_false_are_defined expands to the integer constant 1.

The <stddef.h> header file defines several types and macros, some of which are also defined in other header files.

Types

ptrdiff

A signed integral type of the result of subtracting two pointers.

size_t

An unsigned integral type of the result of the sizeof operator.

wchar_t

An integral type whose range of values can represent distinct codes for all members of the largest extended character set specified among the supported locales.

Macros

NULL

Expands to an implementation-defined null pointer constant.

offsetof(type, member-designator)

Expands to an integral constant expression that has type size_t and a value that is the offset, in bytes, to the structure member (specified by member-designator) from the beginning of its structure (specified by type). The member-designator is such that the expression &(t.member-designator) evaluates to an address constant given the following:

static type t;

If the specified member is a bit field, the behavior is undefined.

The <stdio.h> header file declares three types, several macros, and many functions for performing text input and output. A text stream consists of a sequence of lines; each line ends with a new-line character.

Types

size_t

An unsigned integral type of the result of the sizeof operator.

FILE

An object type capable of recording all the information needed to control a data stream, including its file-position indicator, a pointer to its associated buffer (if any), an error indicator that records whether a read/write error occurred, and an end-of-file indicator that records whether the end of the file has been reached.

fpos_t

An object capable of recording all the information needed to uniquely specify every position within a file.

Macros

NULL

Expands to an implementation-defined null pointer constant.

_IOFBF
_IOLBF
_IONBF

Expand to integral constant expressions with distinct values, suitable for use as the third argument to the setvbuf function.

BUFFSIZ

Expands to an integral constant expression, which is the size of the buffer used by the setbuf function.

EOF

Expands to a negative integral constant expression that is returned by several functions to indicate end-of-file.

FOPEN_MAX

Expands to an integral constant expression that is the minimum number of files that the Compaq C compiler for your system guarantees can be open simultaneously.

FILENAME_MAX

Expands to an integral constant expression that is the size needed for an array of char large enough to hold the longest file name string that the Compaq C compiler for your system guarantees can be opened.

L_tmpnam

Expands to an integral constant expression that is the size needed for an array of char large enough to hold a temporary file name string generated by the tmpnam function.

SEEK_CUR
SEEK_END
SEEK_SET

Expand to integral constant expressions with distinct values; suitable for use as the third argument to the fseek function.

TMP_MAX

Expands to an integral constant expression that is the minimum number of unique file names that can be generated by the tmpnam function.

stderr
stdin
stdout

Expressions of type pointer to FILE that point to the FILE objects associated, respectively, with the standard error, input, and output streams.

File Operation Functions

int remove(const char *filename);

Makes the file whose name is pointed to by filename no longer accessible by that name. Any subsequent attempt to open that file using that name will fail. The remove function returns 0 if the operation succeeds, nonzero if it fails. If the file is open, the behavior of this function is implementation-defined.

int rename(const char *old, const char *new);

Renames the file from the name pointed to by old to the name pointed to by new. The file is no longer accessible by the old name. The rename function returns 0 if the operation succeeds, nonzero if it fails (in which case the file, if it existed, is still known by its original name). If the new file exists before rename is called, the behavior of this function is implementation-defined.

FILE *tmpfile(void);

Creates a temporary binary file that is automatically removed when it is closed or when program execution ends. If execution ends abnormally, whether an open temporary file is removed is implementation-dependent. The file is opened for update with wb+ mode (see Table 9-1). The tmpfile function returns a pointer to the stream of the file that it created. If the file cannot be created, tmpfile returns a null pointer.

FILE *tmpnam(void);

Generates a valid file name that is different than the name of an existing file. Each call to tmpnam , up to TMP_MAX times, generates a different name. If tmpnam is called more than TMP_MAX times, the behavior is implementation-defined.
If the argument is a null pointer, the tmpnam function leaves its result in an internal static object and returns a pointer to that object. Subsequent calls to tmpnam can modify the same object. If the argument is not a null pointer, it is assumed to point to an array of at least L_tmpnam chars . The tmpnam function writes its result into that array and returns the argument as its value.

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