HP OpenVMS Systems Documentation

When using DECnet to display the contents of a file on a remote node, include the node name, disk, and directory in the file specification.

In the following example, the file COMPANY_HOLIDAYS.TXT (which is located on remote node CHAOS) is displayed:

$ TYPE CHAOS::DISK2:[PUBLIC]COMPANY_HOLIDAYS.TXT

When using TCP/IP to display the contents of a file on a remote node, use the FTP VIEW command, and specify the file name. If the file is not in your current working directory, include the directory name in the file specification. Refer to the Digital TCP/IP Services for OpenVMS User's Guide for information on the FTP VIEW command.

4.5.4 Displaying Files with Wildcards

You can use the asterisk (*) wildcard to display all versions of a specific file.

In the following example, all versions of the file LOGIN.COM in the directory [JONES] are displayed:

$ TYPE [JONES]LOGIN.COM;*

In the following example, all versions and all file types of all files that begin with the word STAFF in the directory [JONES] are displayed:

$ TYPE [JONES]STAFF*.*;*

If you specify more than one file in the TYPE command line, the system displays the files in the order you specify. If you use wildcard characters, the system displays the files in alphabetical order.

4.6 Deleting Files

The DELETE command removes files from directories and releases the disk space they occupy for use by other files. When you use the DELETE command, you must specify a version number or the asterisk (*) wildcard character as a version number in each file specification.

For example, to delete version 17 of the file POUND.LIS, enter the following command:

$ DELETE POUND.LIS;17

To delete versions 16 and 17 of the file POUND.LIS, enter the following command:

$ DELETE POUND.LIS;16,;17

To delete all versions of the file POUND.LIS, enter the following command:

$ DELETE POUND.LIS;*

When you delete many files with wildcard characters, you might want to confirm each deletion by using the /CONFIRM qualifier. Similarly, you might want to display the names of files as they are deleted. To do this, specify the /LOG qualifier with the DELETE command.

In the following example, the deletion of all the files in the subdirectory [JONES.LICENSES.DOG] is confirmed because the /CONFIRM qualifier is specified:

$ DELETE/CONFIRM *.*;*
DISK1:[JONES.LICENSES.DOG]FEES.DAT;4, delete? [N]: Y
DISK1:[JONES.LICENSES.DOG]FEMALE.LIS;6, delete? [N]: Y
DISK1:[JONES.LICENSES.DOG]MALE.LIS;3, delete? [N]: N
DISK1:[JONES.LICENSES.DOG]POUND.LIS;17, delete? [N]: Y

In the following example, the system displays the names of the files after they are deleted because the /LOG qualifier is specified:

$ DELETE/LOG *.LIS;*
_%DELETE-I-FILDEL, DISK1:[JONES.LICENSES.DOG]FEMALE.LIS;6 deleted (35 blocks)
_%DELETE-I-FILDEL, DISK1:[JONES.LICENSES.DOG]MALE.LIS;3 deleted (5 blocks)
_%DELETE-I-FILDEL, DISK1:[JONES.LICENSES.DOG]POUND.LIS;17 deleted (9 blocks)

The PURGE command deletes all except the latest version of the specified file (or all files) in the default directory or any other specified directory. Purging old versions of files after updating them enables you to retain more free space on your disk.

In the following example, all except the latest two versions of each file in the default directory are purged:

$ PURGE/KEEP=2

The following sections provide an overview of file protection procedures. For detailed security information, see the following:

• Chapter 5 for information on directory protection
• Chapter 19 for complete information on changing file protections

To prevent other users from accessing your files, you can change the protection or modify the access control list (ACL) of your files. To change the protection or modify the ACL of a file, you must own the file, have control access to the file, or have GRPPRV, SYSPRV, BYPASS, or READALL privilege.

4.7.2 Types of Protection

There are two types of file protection: default and explicit. When a file is created, it usually has the same protections as its parent directory; this is the default protection. If you create a file using the CREATE/PROTECTION command or if you change the protection on an existing file by issuing the SET SECURITY/PROTECTION command, you are using explicit file protection.

Note that to protect a file completely, you must apply the same or greater protection to the directory in which the file resides.

4.8 Printing Files

To print a file or files, use the PRINT command. The PRINT command places your print job (all the files to be printed) in a list of jobs to be printed called a print queue. The file types of the files named in the PRINT command default to .LIS or the last explicitly named file type. The system displays the job name, the queue name, the job number, and status of the job.

By default, the job name is the name of the first (or only) file specification in the PRINT command. After a job is submitted to a queue, you reference it using the job number. After the job is queued, it will be printed when no other jobs precede it in the queue and when the printer is physically ready to print.

In the following example, a print job containing three files is placed in the default print queue, SYS$PRINT:

$ PRINT POUND,MALE,FEES.DAT
Job POUND (queue SYS$PRINT, entry 202) started on SYS$PRINT

Because the default file type for the PRINT command is .LIS, the files POUND.LIS, MALE.LIS, and FEES.DAT are queued. The job name is POUND, the queue name is SYS$PRINT, and the job number is 202.

4.8.1 Print Job Priority

A print queue can execute only one job at a time. Print jobs are scheduled for printing according to their scheduling priority, and the job with the highest priority is printed first. If more than one job exists with the same priority, the smallest job is usually printed first. Jobs of equal size having the same priority are selected for printing according to their submission time. Priority may also be determined by the system manger or by entering the /PRIORITY qualifier to the PRINT command. For more information on scheduling priorities, see the OpenVMS System Manager's Manual.

4.8.2 Displaying Queue Information

The default print queue, SYS$PRINT, is usually started as part of the site-specific system startup procedure. The following table shows commands you can use to display information about queues:

In the following example, the SHOW ENTRY command is used to display information about a print job that has been queued:

$ SHOW ENTRY

  Entry  Jobname         Username     Blocks  Status
  -----  -------         --------     ------  ------
    202  POUND           JONES            38  Pending
         On stopped printer queue SYS$PRINT)

A print form serves the following functions:

• Determines certain page formatting attributes (such as margins and page length)
• Determines whether a job is eligible to print depending on the paper stock specified in the form

If your printing needs are limited, you do not need to use special forms because Compaq supplies a systemwide default form (named DEFAULT) for all queues. System managers can also create print forms. If you need to format output or if certain print jobs require special paper, contact your system manager.

4.8.4 Stopping a Print Job

To stop a print job and delete it from the print queue, enter the entry number parameter to the DELETE/ENTRY command.

In the following example, entry 202 is deleted:

$ DELETE/ENTRY=202

DECnet or TCP/IP services allow you to print a file on another system.

Using TCP/IP, your system manager can configure your system with the Line Printer Remote (LPR) and Line Printer Daemon (LPD) network services that allow you to use the DCL PRINT command to send print jobs to a print queue on a remote network host. The remote host can be a UNIX system or another OpenVMS system running LPR/LDP. Using the LPR/LPD network services, you can perform the following:

• Send print jobs to a printer connected to a remote network host
• Display print queue status
• Cancel print jobs
• Receive on local OpenVMS system print queues print jobs initiated from a user on a UNIX system
• Get a "finished" notification through SMTP mail

Refer to the Digital TCP/IP Services for OpenVMS User's Guide which describes how to print files using the LPR/LPD commands.

With DECnet, you can print a file on another system, copy that file to the remote node and specify the /REMOTE qualifier to the PRINT command.

In the following example, the file COMPANY_HOLIDAYS.TXT is copied from the local node to the remote node CHAOS and the file is queued for printing to the default system print queue (SYS$PRINT) on node CHAOS:

$ COPY COMPANY_HOLIDAYS.TXT CHAOS"JONES PANDEMONIUM"::DISK2:[JONES]*
$ PRINT/REMOTE CHAOS::DISK2:[JONES]COMPANY_HOLIDAYS.TXT

An access control string indicates that the user JONES is authorized to copy files to the directory [JONES] on node CHAOS. The asterisk (*) wildcard at the end of the file specification instructs the system to duplicate the file name COMPANY_HOLIDAYS.TXT when that file is copied to the remote node.

Print jobs can be controlled in various ways by using qualifiers to the PRINT command. For example, you can specify the number of copies printed or you can request that the system notify you when your print job is complete.

In addition to the qualifiers described in this manual, if you are running DECprint Supervisor software on your system, you can use the /PARAMETER qualifier to print landscape, two-sided, or many other ways. Contact your system manager for a list of print options that are available on your system.

The following table lists a summary of PRINT command qualifiers. For complete information on the PRINT command, refer to the OpenVMS DCL Dictionary or online help.

The World-Wide PostScript Printing Subsystem (WWPPS) is a utility that allows you to print a text file with various language characters on any PostScript printer. By embedding font data within the PostScript printable file, the language characters can be printed even if the printer does not have the local language fonts.

WWPPS supports the following languages:

• Cyrillic (ISO8859-5)
• Greek (ISO8859-7)
• Hebrew (ISO8859-8)
• Japanese (Super DEC Kanji)
• Korean (DEC Korean)
• Latin 1 (ISO8859-1)
• Latin 2 (ISO8859-2)
• Latin 4 (ISO8859-4)
• Simplified Chinese (DEC Hanzi)
• Thai (TACTIS)
• Traditional Chinese (Taiwanese EUC/DEC Hanyu)
• Turkish (ISO8859-9)
• Unicode

When processing a character, WWPPS checks to see if the character is printable in the current locale. The locale setting is provided by the Compaq C for OpenVMS Run-Time Library (RTL) during the OpenVMS installation. Except for files in 16-bit Unicode or ISO 10646 (USC-4) format, you must set the appropriate locale before printing files that contain characters in languages other than English. If the locale setting for the process is not appropriate for the input file, the locale can be set specifically for the print job by using the /LOCALE qualifier.

4.8.7.1 Invoking WWPPS

The system manager may have already set up the foreign command for WWPPS, but if not, you can do so by adding the following line to your LOGIN.COM:

$ WWPPS :== $SYS$SYSTEM:WWPPS.EXE

To invoke the WWPPS utility from the DCL prompt, enter the following:

$ WWPPS

The following list contains descriptions of the commands, parameters, and qualifiers available in the WWPPS utility. Examples follow each description.

EXIT --- Exits from the WWPPS session and returns to the DCL command level. You can also exit the WWPPS session by pressing Ctrl/Z or Ctrl/C.

WWPPS> EXIT

HELP --- Enables you to obtain information about the World-Wide PostScript Printing Subsystem (WWPPS).

WWPPS> HELP PRINT

To obtain information about individual commands or topics, enter the HELP command followed by the command or topic name.

HELP [topic]

PRINT --- Converts one text file at a time into a printable PostScript file and then submits its to the printer queue. Characters can be printed in the standard font or in bold.

The following codesets are supported on OpenVMS systems:

All of these codesets are supported by WWPPS, but fonts can be associated with only one language at a time for each codeset.

WWPPS also supports Unicode character conversion for all of these codesets except Thai. A Unicode character is converted to a character in one of these codesets; then the font supporting that codeset is used for the character in the PostScript file. If a character cannot be converted, it is printed as a space.

The optional qualifiers for the PRINT command are:

• /COPIES --- Specifies the number of copies to be printed. The default number of copies is 1.
• /INDENTATION --- Specifies the number of characters to indent from the left margin. The default is /INDENTATION=0 (no indentation). The maximum value allowed depends on the specified (or default) values for /PAPER_SIZE and /ORIENTATION.

  /PAPER_SIZE	/ORIENTATION	Maximum value for /INDENTATION
  LETTER	PORTRAIT	39
  A4	PORTRAIT	38
  LETTER	LANDSCAPE	65
  A4	LANDSCAPE	67

  
  
• /LENGTH --- Specifies page length as the number of lines. The default length is 66 lines for LETTER size and 68 lines for A4 size.
• /LOCALE --- Specifies the locale setting in which the WWPPS converts the input file. You do not need to specify /LOCALE for text files in Unicode format (UTF-20).
  Locales are constructed using the following convention:

  language_country_codeset.LOCALE

  
  The language and country are each two characters, as defined by the OSF naming conventions. (See the /LOCALE subtopics for possible values.) For example, EN_US_ISO8859-1 represents the locale for English spoken in the United States.
  By default, WWPPS uses the system-specified or process-specified locale. If there is no system-specified or process-specified locale, the default is /LOCALE=C.
  To display the locale specified on your system, enter the following command:

  $ LOCALE SHOW PUBLIC

  
  The following list aligns language codes and country codes that are commonly associated with each other.

  Language Code	Language	Country Code	Country
  CA	Catalan	ES	Spain
  ES	Spanish
  CS	Czech	CZ	Czech Republic
  DA	Danish	DK	Denmark
  DE	German	CH	Switzerland
  		DE	Germany
  EL	Greek	GR	Greece
  EN	English	GB	Great Britain
  		US	United States
  FI	Finnish	FI	Finland
  FR	French	BE	Belgium
  		CA	Canada
  		FR	France
  HE	Hebrew	IL	Israel
  IW	Hebrew
  HU	Hungarian	HU	Hungary
  IS	Icelandic	IS	Iceland
  IT	Italian	IT	Italy
  JA	Japanese	JP	Japan
  KO	Korean	KR	Korea
  LT	Lithuanian	LT	Lithuania
  NL	Dutch	NL	Netherlands
  NO	Norwegian	NO	Norway
  PL	Polish	PL	Poland
  PT	Portuguese	PT	Portugal
  RU	Russian	RU	Russia
  SK	Slovak	SK	Slovakia
  SL	Slovene	SI	Slovenia
  SV	Swedish	SE	Sweden
  TH	Thai	TH	Thailand
  ZH	Chinese	HK	Hong Kong
  		TW	Taiwan
  		CN	People's Republic of China

  
  The following codesets are supported on OpenVMS systems:

  Codeset	Codeset Name
  DECHANYU	DECHanyu for Traditional Chinese (Plane 1 and Plane 2 only)
  DECHANZI	DECHanzi for Simplified Chinese
  DECKOREAN	DECKorean for Korean
  ISO8859-1	ISO Latin-1
  ISO8859-2	ISO Latin-2
  ISO8859-5	ISO Latin-5
  ISO8859-7	ISO Latin-7
  ISO8859-8	ISO Latin-8
  ISO8859-9	ISO Latin-9
  SDECKANJI	Super DEC Kanji for Japanese
  TACTIS	TIS-620 for Thai

  
  
• /ORIENTATION --- Specifies the orientation of printed output on the logical page as PORTRAIT (default) or LANDSCAPE.
• /PAPER_SIZE --- Specifies the size of the paper as LETTER (default) or A4.
• /QUEUE --- This required qualifier specifies the name of the queue to which the file is sent.
• /RANGE --- Specifies the range of pages to be printed, starting with page number m and ending with page number n. Or, instead of printing a range of pages, you can specify ODD to print only odd-numbered pages or specify EVEN to print only even-numbered pages. By default, the entire document is printed.
• /VERTICAL --- Specifies vertical writing mode for Chinese, Korean, and Japanese multibyte characters. When /VERTICAL is specified, multibyte characters are rotated counterclockwise by 90 degrees and printed in lines from left to right; when the printed page is rotated 90 degrees clockwise, the characters can be read in vertical lines from right to left. In vertical mode, single-byte characters in languages such as English are still printed horizontally from left to right.
• /WIDTH --- Specifies the width of the page in columns. Valid values are as follows:

  80 (for LETTER size paper and PORTRAIT orientation)
  132 (for LETTER size paper and LANDSCAPE orientation)
  78 (for A4 size paper and PORTRAIT orientation)
  136 (for A4 size paper and LANDSCAPE orientation)

  The default value is /WIDTH=80.