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OpenVMS DCL Dictionary
TYPE
Displays the contents of a file or group of files on the current output
device.
Format
TYPE filespec[,...]
Parameter
filespec[,...]
Specifies one or more files to be displayed. If you specify a file name
and not a file type, the file type defaults to .LIS; however, you can
specify a different default file type with the TYPE$DEFAULT_FILESPEC
logical name. The TYPE command displays all files that satisfy the file
description.
The asterisk (*) and the percent sign (%) wildcard characters are
allowed in place of the directory name, file name, file type, or file
version number field. If you specify more than one file, separate the
file specifications with commas (,) or plus signs (+). The files are
displayed in the order listed.
Description
When the TYPE command displays output, you can control the display in
the following ways:
- Press Ctrl/C to stop the TYPE command for the current file that is
being displayed. If you specified only one file with your TYPE command,
or if the TYPE command is displaying the last file in the list,
pressing Ctrl/C cancels the TYPE command. If you have specified more
than one file with the TYPE command, pressing Ctrl/C causes the TYPE
command to display the next file in the list.
- Press Ctrl/S to temporarily suspend the output. Press Ctrl/Q to
resume the output display at the point of interruption.
- Press Ctrl/O to suppress the display but not to suspend the command
processing. If you press Ctrl/O again before the TYPE command
terminates, output resumes at the current point in command processing.
However, if you press Ctrl/O when the TYPE command is displaying files
in a list, the TYPE command suppresses typing the current file and
begins typing the next file in the list. This behavior is an exception
to normal Ctrl/O processing.
- Press Ctrl/Y to interrupt the command execution. You can enter the
CONTINUE command after pressing Ctrl/Y to resume displaying the files
where the interruption took place, provided you have not entered an
intervening command that calls up a new image. If you press Ctrl/Y to
stop command execution entirely, you can enter the EXIT command (or any
other DCL command that activates an image) to run down the image.
In addition, the /PAGE qualifier may be used to display text one screen
at a time.
The TYPE command opens the specified file with shared read (R) and
write (W) access. Therefore, any file that has its attributes set to
shared write is displayed, even if it is currently opened by another
user.
You also can use the TYPE command to execute a command procedure on a
remote node. This is useful on OpenVMS Cluster systems, for example,
when you want to display the status of clusterwide services, such as
queues, or when you want to display the users logged in to other nodes
on the cluster. A sample command procedure follows:
$ @ SHOWUSERS.COM
$ if f$mode() .eqs. "NETWORK" then define/user sys$output sys$net
$ show users
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This command procedure can be used with the TYPE command to display at
the user's local node the users logged on to the remote node where the
command procedure resides.
Specify the command procedure as a parameter to the TYPE command as
follows:
$ TYPE node_name::"TASK=command_procedure"
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where:
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node_name
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Specifies the name of the remote node on which the command procedure
resides.
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command_procedure
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Specifies the file name of the command procedure to be run.
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This form of the command finds the command procedure in the default
DECnet account of the remote node.
To execute a command procedure in the SYS$LOGIN directory of a
particular account, use an access control string in the command, as
follows:
$ TYPE node_name"user_name password"::"TASK=command_procedure"
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where:
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user_name
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Specifies the user name of the account on the remote node.
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password
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Specifies the password of the account on the remote node.
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Qualifiers
/BACKUP
Modifies the time value specified with the /BEFORE or the /SINCE
qualifier. The /BACKUP qualifier selects files according to the dates
of their most recent backups. This qualifier is incompatible with the
/CREATED, /EXPIRED, and /MODIFIED qualifiers, which also allow you to
select files according to time attributes. If you specify none of these
four time qualifiers, the default is the /CREATED qualifier.
/BEFORE[=time]
Selects only those files dated prior to the specified time. You can
specify time as absolute time, as a combination of absolute and delta
times, or as one of the following keywords: BOOT, LOGIN, TODAY
(default), TOMORROW, or YESTERDAY. Specify one of the following
qualifiers with the /BEFORE qualifier to indicate the time attribute to
be used as the basis for selection: /BACKUP, /CREATED (default),
/EXPIRED, or /MODIFIED.
For complete information on specifying time values, refer to the
OpenVMS User's Manual or the online help topic DCL_Tips (subtopic Date_Time).
/BY_OWNER[=uic]
Selects only those files whose owner user identification code (UIC)
matches the specified owner UIC. The default UIC is that of the current
process.
Specify the UIC by using standard UIC format as described in the
OpenVMS Guide to System Security.
/CONFIRM
/NOCONFIRM (default)
Controls whether a request is issued before each typing operation to
confirm that the operation should be performed on that file. The
following responses are valid:
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YES
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NO
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QUIT
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TRUE
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FALSE
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Ctrl/Z
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1
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0
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ALL
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[Return]
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You can use any combination of uppercase and lowercase letters for word
responses. Word responses can be abbreviated to one or more letters
(for example, T, TR, or TRU for TRUE), but these abbreviations must be
unique. Affirmative answers are YES, TRUE, and 1. Negative answers
include: NO, FALSE, 0, and pressing Return. Entering QUIT or pressing
Ctrl/Z indicates that you want to stop processing the command at that
point. When you respond by entering ALL, the command continues to
process, but no further prompts are given. If you type a response other
than one of those in the list, DCL issues an error message and
redisplays the prompt.
/CONTINUOUS/INTERVAL=n
Upon reaching the end of a file, TYPE waits a specified number of
seconds (the default is 30) then displays any records which have been
added to the file and returns to the wait state. TYPE continues until
either Ctrl/C or Ctrl/Y is entered by the user.
/CREATED (default)
Modifies the time value specified with the /BEFORE or the /SINCE
qualifier. The /CREATED qualifier selects files based on their dates of
creation. This qualifier is incompatible with the /BACKUP, /EXPIRED,
and /MODIFIED qualifiers, which also allow you to select files
according to time attributes. If you specify none of these four time
qualifiers, the default is the /CREATED qualifier.
/EXACT
Use with the /PAGE=SAVE and /SEARCH qualifiers to specify a search
string that must match the search string exactly and must be enclosed
with quotation marks (" ").
If you specify the /EXACT qualifier without the /SEARCH qualifier,
exact search mode is enabled when you set the search string with the
Find (E1) key.
/EXCLUDE=(filespec[,...])
Excludes the specified files from the type operation. You can include a
directory but not a device in the file specification. The asterisk (*)
and the percent sign (%) wildcard characters are allowed in the file
specification; however, you cannot use relative version numbers to
exclude a specific version. If you specify only one file, you can omit
the parentheses.
/EXPIRED
Modifies the time value specified with the /BEFORE or the /SINCE
qualifier. The /EXPIRED qualifier selects files according to their
expiration dates. (The expiration date is set with the SET
FILE/EXPIRATION_DATE command.) The /EXPIRED qualifier is incompatible
with the /BACKUP, /CREATED, and /MODIFIED qualifiers, which also allow
you to select files according to time attributes. If you specify none
of these four time qualifiers, the default is the /CREATED qualifier.
/HEADER
/NOHEADER
Specifies whether a header line is placed at the top of each file that
is displayed with the TYPE /PAGE=SAVE command.
/HIGHLIGHT[=keyword]
Use with the /PAGE=SAVE and /SEARCH qualifiers to specify the type of
highlighting you want when a search string is found. When a string is
found, the entire line is highlighted. You can use the following
keywords: BOLD, BLINK, REVERSE, and UNDERLINE. BOLD is the default
highlighting.
/MODIFIED
Modifies the time value specified with the /BEFORE or the /SINCE
qualifier. The /MODIFIED qualifier selects files according to the dates
on which they were last modified. This qualifier is incompatible with
the /BACKUP, /CREATED, and /EXPIRED qualifiers, which also allow you to
select files according to time attributes. If you specify none of these
four time modifiers, the default is the /CREATED qualifier.
/OUTPUT[=filespec]
/NOOUTPUT
Controls where the output of the command is sent. If you specify the
/OUTPUT=filespec qualifier, the output is sent to the specified file,
rather than to the current output device, SYS$OUTPUT. If you do not
enter the qualifier, or if you enter the /OUTPUT qualifier without a
file specification, the output is sent to SYS$OUTPUT.
If you enter the /OUTPUT qualifier with a partial file specification
(for example, /OUTPUT=[VAKHRAMEEV]), TYPE is the default file name and
.LIS the default file type. The file specification cannot include the
asterisk (*) and the percent sign (%) wildcard characters.
If you enter the /NOOUTPUT qualifier, output is suppressed.
The /OUTPUT qualifier is incompatible with the /PAGE qualifier.
/PAGE[=keyword]
/NOPAGE (default)
Controls the display of information on the screen.
You can use the following keywords with the /PAGE qualifier:
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CLEAR_SCREEN
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Clears the screen before each page is displayed.
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SCROLL
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Displays information one line at a time.
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SAVE[=
n]
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Enables screen navigation of information, where
n is the number of pages to store.
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The /PAGE=SAVE qualifier allows you to navigate through screens of
information. The /PAGE=SAVE qualifier stores up to 5 screens of up to
255 columns of information. When you use the /PAGE=SAVE qualifier, you
can use the following keys to navigate through the information:
| Key Sequence |
Description |
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Up arrow key, Ctrl/B
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Scroll up one line.
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Down arrow key
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Scroll down one line.
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Left arrow key
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Scroll left one column.
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Right arrow key
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Scroll right one column.
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Find (E1)
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Specify a string to find when the information is displayed.
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Insert Here (E2)
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Scroll right one half screen.
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Remove (E3)
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Scroll left one half screen.
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Select (E4)
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Toggle 80/132 column mode.
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Prev Screen (E5)
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Get the previous page of information.
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Next Screen (E6), Return, Enter, Space
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Get the next page of information.
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F10, Ctrl/Z
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Exit. (Some utilities define these differently.)
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Help (F15)
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Display utility help text.
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Do (F16)
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Toggle the display to oldest/newest page.
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Ctrl/W
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Refresh the display.
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N
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Display the next file (when more than one file is specified with the
TYPE command)
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Q
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Quit displaying output from the TYPE command.
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The /PAGE qualifier is not compatible with the /OUTPUT qualifier.
/SEARCH="string"
Use with the /PAGE=SAVE qualifier to specify a string that you want to
find in the information being displayed. Quotation marks are required
for the /SEARCH qualifier, if you include spaces in the text string.
You can also dynamically change the search string by pressing the Find
key (E1) while the information is being displayed. Quotation marks are
not required for a dynamic search.
/SINCE[=time]
Selects only those files dated on or after the specified time. You can
specify time as absolute time, as a combination of absolute and delta
times, or as one of the following keywords: BOOT, LOGIN, TODAY
(default), TOMORROW, or YESTERDAY. Specify one of the following
qualifiers with the /SINCE qualifier to indicate the time attribute to
be used as the basis for selection: /BACKUP, /CREATED (default),
/EXPIRED, or /MODIFIED.
For complete information on specifying time values, refer to the
OpenVMS User's Manual or the online help topic DCL_Tips (subtopic Date_Time).
/STYLE=keyword
Specifies the file name format for display purposes while typing files.
The valid keywords for this qualifier are CONDENSED and EXPANDED.
Descriptions are as follows:
| Keyword |
Explanation |
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CONDENSED (default)
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Displays the file name representation of what is generated to fit into
a 255-length character string. This file name may contain a DID or FID
abbreviation in the file specification.
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EXPANDED
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Displays the file name representation of what is stored on disk. This
file name does not contain any DID or FID abbreviations.
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The keywords CONDENSED and EXPANDED are mutually exclusive. This
qualifier specifies which file name format is displayed in the output
message, along with the confirmation if requested.
File errors are displayed with the CONDENSED file specification unless
the EXPANDED keyword is specified.
Refer to the OpenVMS Guide to Extended File Specifications for more information.
/TAIL[=n]
Displays the last several lines of a log file. The value, n, defaults
to p-2 where p is the current terminal page length. You can use
TYPE/TAIL only if all of the following criteria are true:
- File organization is sequential.
- The longest record is less than 512 bytes.
- The record format is either VAR, VFC, STM, STRCM or STMLF (for more
information, refer to the description of FAB$B_RFM in the
OpenVMS Record Management Services Reference Manual).
- The file being typed is on a device that supports random access.
The TYPE/TAIL command does not work on magnetic tape drives.
Even with this criteria, some file conditions cannot be anticipated and
may not allow display of the last several lines of a log file,
resulting in the following error message:
%TYPE-W-READERR, error reading DEVICE:[DIRECTORY]FILE.EXT;1
-SYSTEM-E-UNSUPPORTED, unsupported operation or function
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/WRAP
/NOWRAP (default)
Use with the /PAGE=SAVE qualifier to limit the number of columns to the
width of the screen and to wrap lines that extend beyond the width of
the screen to the next line.
The /NOWRAP qualifier extends lines beyond the width of the screen and
can be seen when you use the scrolling (left and right) features
provided by the /PAGE=SAVE qualifier.
Examples
In this example, the TYPE command requests that the file COMMON.DAT be
displayed at the terminal.
| #2 |
$ TYPE *.DAT
This is the first line in the file AA.DAT.
.
.
.
[Ctrl/O]
This is the first line in the file BB.DAT.
.
.
.
[Ctrl/Y]
Interrupt
$ STOP
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In this example, the TYPE command contains an asterisk (*) wildcard
character in place of the file name. All files with file types of .DAT
are scheduled for display. When Ctrl/O is pressed, output of the
current file stops and the TYPE command begins displaying the next
file. The Ctrl/Y function interrupts the command; the STOP command
terminates the TYPE command.
| #3 |
$ TYPE LETTER*.MEM
December 14, 2001
.
.
.
[Ctrl/Y]
Interrupt
$ SHOW TIME
14-DEC-2001 15:48:07
$ CONTINUE
Sincerely yours,
.
.
.
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In this example, the TYPE command displays all files whose names begin
with the word LETTER and have the file type .MEM. While the files are
being displayed, the user presses Ctrl/Y to interrupt the TYPE
operation and to display the time. After entering the SHOW TIME
command, the user enters the CONTINUE command to resume the TYPE
operation.
| #4 |
$ TYPE/OUTPUT=SAVETEXT.TXT *.TXT
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In this example, the TYPE command writes all TXT files in your default
directory to a file called SAVETEXT.TXT (also in your default
directory).
| #5 |
$ TYPE MEXICO::NOTICE.TEXT/OUTPUT=TEMP.TEXT
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In this example, the TYPE command requests that the file NOTICE.TEXT at
remote node MEXICO be written to the output file TEMP.TEXT on the local
node, rather than to SYS$OUTPUT.
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$ TYPE SECSYS"FILES OFFICEFIL"::"TASK=SHOWUSERS"
VAX/VMS Interactive Users
14-DEC-2001 17:20:13.30
Total number of interactive users = 5
Username Process Name PID Terminal
MIRANDA Sec1 00536278 TXA1:
JESSICA Sec2 00892674 VTA2:
EMILY Sec3 00847326 TXA3:
ANDREW Sec4 02643859 RTA1:
BRIAN System Mangr 00007362 VTA1:
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In this example, the TYPE command executes the command procedure
SHOWUSERS.COM found in the SYS$LOGIN directory of user FILES on remote
node SECSSYS. The output of the TYPE command then is displayed at the
local node.
VIEW
Invokes the CDA Viewer, which has a character-cell interface for
viewing text files and an DECwindows Motif for OpenVMS interface for
viewing compound documents and files containing graphics, images, and
tabular data.
For more information about the VIEW command, refer to online help.
Note
The DEC CDA Base Services for DECwindows Motif for OpenVMS must be
installed to use new versions of the CDA Viewer and DEC CDA Base
Services converters.
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Format
VIEW [input-file]
WAIT
Places a process into a wait state for the specified amount of time.
The WAIT command is used in a command procedure to delay processing of
either the procedure itself or a set of commands in the procedure.
Format
WAIT delta-time
Parameter
delta-time
Specifies a delta time interval in the following format. (A delta time
is an offset from the current time to a time in the future.)
hour:minute:second.hundredth
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The fields on the format line indicate the following:
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hour
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Specifies an integer in the range 0 to 23.
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minute
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Specifies an integer in the range 0 to 59.
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second
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Specifies an integer in the range 0 to 59.
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hundredth
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Specifies an integer in the range 0 to 99.
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The colons (:) and period (.) are required delimiters; also, the delta
time must begin with the number of hours and not a colon. Note that the
days field, usually included in the delta time format, must be omitted
here.
For more information on specifying delta time values, refer to the
OpenVMS User's Manual or the online help topic DCL_Tips (subtopic Date_Time).
Note that if you enter the WAIT command interactively, you are not
prompted for a time value; however, in order for the command to have
any effect, you must supply a time value.
Description
If you enter the WAIT command interactively, your current process is
placed in a wait state and you cannot enter any more commands until the
waiting period is over. (You can, however, receive unsolicited messages
from other processes.) Press Ctrl/C or Ctrl/Y to restore normal
terminal interaction.
Example
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$ LOOP:
$ RUN KUDOS
$ WAIT 00:10
$ GOTO LOOP
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In this example, the command procedure executes the program image
KUDOS. After the RUN command executes the program, the WAIT command
delays execution of the GOTO command for 10 minutes. Note that 00 is
specified for the number of hours, because the time specification
cannot begin with a colon. After 10 minutes, the GOTO command executes,
and the procedure transfers control to the label LOOP and executes the
program KUDOS again. The procedure loops until it is interrupted or
terminated.
If the procedure is executed interactively, terminate it by pressing
Ctrl/C or Ctrl/Y and by entering the STOP command or another DCL
command that runs a new image in the process. If the procedure is
executed in a batch job, enter the DELETE/ENTRY command to terminate it.
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