Manipulating Linux; understanding the environment
Updated September 12, 2002
Created September 12, 2002

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6 text consoles F1 thru F6
6 GUI consoles F7 thru F12

These 12 consoles are accessible by pressing ALT+Fn from a text console and by pressing CTRL+ALT+Fn from a graphical console

These are only the defaults and more can be added easily.

Virtual consoles: /dev/vcs

cat /dev/tty1

Job control allows you to run a job, stop it (pause), put it into the foreground or background, list current jobs, or kill a particualr job. Jobs seem only to hang around inside each shell you have open; you can't necessarily open a job in one shell then transfer it to another shell (as far as I know). "man bash", http://www.cpqlinux.com/jobcontrol.html. If you loose your command shell then your jobs will be terminated.

nohup

screen
screen -list
screen -r xyz
screen -d -r xyz

Remote text consoles, etc: ssh, telnet, ftp, sftp

Graphical consoles: VNC (usually doesn't control primary X-windows GUI)
xnest
remote X applications (http://www.cpqlinux.com/remoteapps.html)

chroot
chroot jail
uml (user-mode-linux)
vmware
emulators: dosemu, wine, ...

File retrieval / moving files: http, ftp, nfs, smb ... wget, ftp, sftp, ssh

Commands for moving around in the filesystem: mv, cd, ls, pwd
Note: to rename a file, you use the "mv" command

File permissions: chmod, chown, ls -l
useradd
usermod -G which_group which_user
groupadd

find . -type f -exec grep -Hi what \{\} \;

Pagers: more, less
Editors: vi, vim, pico, emacs
Filters: sed, awk, grep, sort, uniq, head, tail

Understanding files: which, file, type
Understanding variables: set, export

Controlling processes:
ps
ps ax
ps aux
ps wfax
top
gtop
ktop
kill
kill -9

Controlling services:
service xyz stop|start|restart|status
chkconfig
chkconfig --list xyz
chkconfig --level 2345 xyz on|off
ntsysv



mount -n -o remount,ro /
touch /hi
mount -n -o remount,ro /boot
touch /boot/hi
swapon -s
swapoff /dev/hda3
swapon -s

Accessing cdrom / floppy
mount /mnt/floppy
mount /mnt/cdrom

umount /mnt/floppy
umount /mnt/cdrom

eject (ejects cdrom)
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