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_default_ vhosts
ServerPath directive
Server configuration:
...
Port 80
DocumentRoot /www/domain
ServerName www.domain.tld
<VirtualHost 111.22.33.55>
DocumentRoot /www/otherdomain
ServerName www.otherdomain.tld
...
</VirtualHost>
www.otherdomain.tld can only be reached through the
address 111.22.33.55, while www.domain.tld
can only be reached through 111.22.33.44
(which represents our main server).
Server configuration:
...
Port 80
ServerName server.domain.tld
<VirtualHost 111.22.33.44>
DocumentRoot /www/domain
ServerName www.domain.tld
...
</VirtualHost>
<VirtualHost 111.22.33.55>
DocumentRoot /www/otherdomain
ServerName www.otherdomain.tld
...
</VirtualHost>
The main server can never catch a request, because all IP addresses
of our machine are in use for IP-based virtual hosts
(only localhost requests can hit the main server).
Server configuration:
...
Port 80
Listen 111.22.33.44:80
Listen 111.22.33.55:8080
ServerName server.domain.tld
<VirtualHost 111.22.33.44:80>
DocumentRoot /www/domain
ServerName www.domain.tld
...
</VirtualHost>
<VirtualHost 111.22.33.55:8080>
ServerName www-cache.domain.tld
...
<Directory proxy:>
order deny,allow
deny from all
allow from 111.22.33
</Directory>
</VirtualHost>
The main server can never catch a request, because all IP addresses
(apart from localhost) of our machine are in use for IP-based
virtual hosts. The web server can only be reached on the first address
through port 80 and the proxy only on the second address through port 8080.
Server configuration:
...
Port 80
ServerName server.domain.tld
NameVirtualHost 111.22.33.44
<VirtualHost 111.22.33.44>
DocumentRoot /www/domain
ServerName www.domain.tld
...
</VirtualHost>
<VirtualHost 111.22.33.44>
DocumentRoot /www/subdomain
ServerName www.sub.domain.tld
...
</VirtualHost>
Apart from localhost there are no unspecified
addresses/ports, therefore the main server only serves
localhost requests. Due to the fact
that www.domain.tld has the highest priority
it can be seen as the default or
primary server.
Server configuration:
... Port 80 ServerName www.domain.tld DocumentRoot /www/domain NameVirtualHost 111.22.33.55 <VirtualHost 111.22.33.55> DocumentRoot /www/otherdomain ServerName www.otherdomain.tld ... </VirtualHost> <VirtualHost 111.22.33.55> DocumentRoot /www/subdomain ServerName www.sub.domain.tld ServerAlias *.sub.domain.tld ... </VirtualHost>Any request to an address other than 111.22.33.55 will be served from the main server. A request to 111.22.33.55 with an unknown or noHost:header will be served from www.otherdomain.tld.
Server configuration:
...
Port 80
ServerName server.domain.tld
NameVirtualHost 111.22.33.44
<VirtualHost 111.22.33.44>
DocumentRoot /www/domain
ServerName www.domain.tld
...
</VirtualHost>
<VirtualHost 111.22.33.44>
DocumentRoot /www/subdomain1
ServerName www.sub1.domain.tld
...
</VirtualHost>
<VirtualHost 111.22.33.44>
DocumentRoot /www/subdomain2
ServerName www.sub2.domain.tld
...
</VirtualHost>
<VirtualHost 111.22.33.55>
DocumentRoot /www/otherdomain1
ServerName www.otherdomain1.tld
...
</VirtualHost>
<VirtualHost 111.22.33.66>
DocumentRoot /www/otherdomain2
ServerName www.otherdomain2.tld
...
</VirtualHost>
Server configuration:
...
Listen 80
Listen 8080
ServerName www.domain.tld
DocumentRoot /www/domain
<VirtualHost 111.22.33.44:8080>
DocumentRoot /www/domain2
...
</VirtualHost>
A request to www.domain.tld on port 80 is served
from the main server and a request to port 8080 is served from
the virtual host.
_default_ vhostsServer configuration:
... <VirtualHost _default_:*> DocumentRoot /www/default ... </VirtualHost>Using such a default vhost with a wildcard port effectively prevents any request going to the main server.
A default vhost never serves a request that was sent to an address/port that is used for name-based vhosts. If the request contained an unknown or noHost:header it is always served from the primary name-based vhost (the vhost for that address/port appearing first in the configuration file).
You can useAliasMatchorRewriteRuleto rewrite any request to a single information page (or script).
_default_ vhost for port 80.
Server configuration:
...
<VirtualHost _default_:80>
DocumentRoot /www/default80
...
</VirtualHost>
<VirtualHost _default_:*>
DocumentRoot /www/default
...
</VirtualHost>
The default vhost for port 80 (which must appear before
any default vhost with a wildcard port) catches all requests that
were sent to an unspecified IP address. The main server is
never used to serve a request.
Server configuration:
...
<VirtualHost _default_:80>
DocumentRoot /www/default
...
</VirtualHost>
A request to an unspecified address on port 80 is served from the
default vhost any other request to an unspecified address and port
is served from the main server.
VirtualHost directive.
Server configuration:
...
Port 80
ServerName www.domain.tld
DocumentRoot /www/domain
NameVirtualHost 111.22.33.55
<VirtualHost 111.22.33.55 111.22.33.66>
DocumentRoot /www/otherdomain
ServerName www.otherdomain.tld
...
</VirtualHost>
<VirtualHost 111.22.33.55>
DocumentRoot /www/subdomain
ServerName www.sub.domain.tld
ServerAlias *.sub.domain.tld
...
</VirtualHost>
The vhost can now be accessed through the new address (as an IP-based
vhost) and through the old address (as a name-based vhost).
ServerPath directiveHost: header.
Old HTTP/1.0 clients do not send such a header and Apache has no clue
what vhost the client tried to reach (and serves the request from
the primary vhost). To provide as much backward compatibility
as possible we create a primary vhost which returns a single page
containing links with an URL prefix to the name-based virtual hosts.
Server configuration:
... NameVirtualHost 111.22.33.44 <VirtualHost 111.22.33.44> # primary vhost DocumentRoot /www/subdomain RewriteEngine On RewriteRule ^/.* /www/subdomain/index.html ... </VirtualHost> <VirtualHost 111.22.33.44> DocumentRoot /www/subdomain/sub1 ServerName www.sub1.domain.tld ServerPath /sub1/ RewriteEngine On RewriteRule ^(/sub1/.*) /www/subdomain$1 ... </VirtualHost> <VirtualHost 111.22.33.44> DocumentRoot /www/subdomain/sub2 ServerName www.sub2.domain.tld ServerPath /sub2/ RewriteEngine On RewriteRule ^(/sub2/.*) /www/subdomain$1 ... </VirtualHost>Due to theServerPathdirective a request to the URL http://www.sub1.domain.tld/sub1/ is always served from the sub1-vhost.
A request to the URL http://www.sub1.domain.tld/ is only served from the sub1-vhost if the client sent a correctHost:header. If noHost:header is sent the client gets the information page from the primary host.
Please note that there is one oddity: A request to http://www.sub2.domain.tld/sub1/ is also served from the sub1-vhost if the client sent noHost:header.
TheRewriteRuledirectives are used to make sure that a client which sent a correctHost:header can use both URL variants, i.e., with or without URL prefix.
