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HP C

HP C
Language Reference Manual


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Appendix A
Language Syntax Summary

This section summarizes the syntax of the C language, using the syntax of the ANSI C Standard. Syntactic categories are indicated with bold type, and literal words or characters are indicated with monospaced, nonitalicized type. A colon following a syntactic category introduces its definition. Alternative definitions are listed on separate lines, or are prefaced by the words "one of." An optional element is indicated by the subscript opt. For example, the following line indicates an optional expression enclosed in braces:

{ expressionopt }

The section numbers shown in parentheses refer to the section of the American National Standard for Information Systems-Programming Language C (document number: X3.159-1989) that discusses that part of the language.

A.1 Lexical Grammar

A.1.1 Tokens


token: (§3.1)
keyword
identifier
constant
string-literal
operator
punctuator


preprocessing-token: (§3.1)
header-name
identifier
pp-number
character-constant
string-literal
operator
punctuator
each nonwhite-space character that cannot be one of the above

A.1.2 Keywords


keyword: (§3.1.1) one of


    auto        double      int         struct 
    break       else        long        switch 
    case        enum        register    typedef 
    char        extern      return      union 
    const       float       short       unsigned 
    continue    for         signed      void 
    default     goto        sizeof      volatile 
    do          if          static      while   
    _Bool      _Complex (ALPHA, I64)

A.1.3 Identifiers


identifier: (§3.1.2)
identifier-nondigit
identifier identifier-nondigit
identifier digit


identifier-nondigit:
nondigit
other implementation-defined characters


nondigit: §3.1.2 one of


    a  b  c  d  e  f  g  h  i  j  k  l  m 
    n  o  p  q  r  s  t  u  v  w  x  y  z 
    A  B  C  D  E  F  G  H  I  J  K  L  M 
    N  O  P  Q  R  S  T  U  V  W  X  Y  Z  _ 

digit: (§3.1.2) one of


    0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 

A.1.4 Constants


constant: (§3.1.3)
floating-constant
integer-constant
enumeration-constant
character-constant


floating-constant: (§3.1.3.1)
decimal-floating-constant
hexadecimal-floating-constant


decimal-floating-constant
fractional-constant exponent-partopt floating-suffixopt
digit-sequence exponent-part floating-suffixopt


hexadecimal-floating-constant
hexadecimal-prefix hexadecimal-fractional-constant binary-exponent-part floating-suffixopt
hexadecimal-prefix hexadecimal-digit-sequence binary-exponent-part floating-suffixopt


fractional-constant: (§3.1.3.1)
digit-sequenceopt . digit-sequence
digit-sequence .


exponent-part: (§3.1.3.1)
e signopt digit-sequence
E signopt digit-sequence


sign: (§3.1.3.1) one of
+ -


digit-sequence: (§3.1.3.1)
digit
digit-sequence digit


hexadecimal-fractional-constant:
hexadecimal-digit-sequenceopt . hexadecimal-digit-sequence
hexadecimal-digit-sequence .


binary-exponent-part:
p signopt digit-sequence
P signopt digit-sequence


hexadecimal-digit-sequence:
hexadecimal-digit
hexadecimal-digit-sequence hexadecimal-digit


floating-suffix: (§3.1.3.1) one of

f l F L

integer-constant: (§3.1.3.2)
decimal-constant integer-suffixopt
octal-constant integer-suffixopt
hexadecimal-constant integer-suffixopt


decimal-constant: (§3.1.3.2)
nonzero-digit
decimal-constant digit


octal-constant: (§3.1.3.2)
0
octal-constant octal-digit


hexadecimal-constant: (§3.1.3.2)
0x hexadecimal-digit
0X hexadecimal-digit
hexadecimal-constant hexadecimal-digit


nonzero-digit: (§3.1.3.2) one of


    1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 

octal-digit: (§3.1.3.2) one of


    0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7 

hexadecimal-digit: (§3.1.3.2) one of


    0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 
    a  b  c  d  e  f 
    A  B  C  D  E  F 

integer-suffix: (§3.1.3.2)
unsigned-suffix long-suffixopt
long-suffix unsigned-suffixopt


unsigned-suffix: (§3.1.3.2) one of

u U

long-suffix: (§3.1.3.2) one of

l L

enumeration-constant: (§3.1.3.3)
identifier


character-constant: (§3.1.3.4)
' c-char-sequence'
L' c-char-sequence'


c-char-sequence: (§3.1.3.4)
c-char
c-char-sequence c-char


c-char: (§3.1.3.4)
any member of the source character set except
the single-quote ('), backslash (\), or new-line character
escape-sequence


escape-sequence: (§3.1.3.4)
simple-escape-sequence
octal-escape-sequence
hexadecimal-escape-sequence


simple-escape-sequence: (§3.1.3.4) one of


    \'  \"  \?  \\
    \a  \b  \f  \n  \r  \t  \v 

octal-escape-sequence: (§3.1.3.4)
\ octal-digit
\ octal-digit octal-digit
\ octal-digit octal-digit octal-digit


hexadecimal-escape-sequence:(§3.1.3.4)
\x hexadecimal-digit
hexadecimal-escape-sequence hexadecimal-digit

A.1.5 String Literals


string-literal: (§3.1.4)
"s-char-sequenceopt"
L"s-char-sequenceopt"


s-char-sequence: (§3.1.4)
s-char
s-char-sequence s-char


s-char: (§3.1.4)
any member of the source character set except
the double-quote ("), backslash (\), or new-line character
escape-sequence

A.1.6 Operators


operator: (§3.1.5) one of


    [  ]  (  )  .  -> 
    ++  --  &  *  +  -  ~  !  sizeof 
    /  %  <<  >>  <  >  <=  >=  ==  !=  ^  |  &&  || 
    ?  : 
    =  *=  /=  %=  +=  -=  <<=  >>=  &=  ^=  |= 
    ,  #  ## 

A.1.7 Punctuators


punctuator: (§3.1.6) one of


    [  ]  (  )  {  }  *  ,  :  =  ;  ...  # 

A.1.8 Header Names


header-name: (§3.1.7)
<h-char-sequence>
"q-char-sequence"


h-char-sequence: (§3.1.7)
h-char
h-char-sequence h-char


h-char: (§3.1.7)
any member of the source character set except
the new-line character and >


q-char-sequence: (§3.1.7)
q-char
q-char-sequence q-char


q-char: (§3.1.7)
any member of the source character set except
the new-line character and "

A.1.9 Preprocessing Numbers


pp-number: (§3.1.8)
digit
. digit
pp-number digit
pp-number nondigit
pp-number e sign
pp-number E sign
pp-number .

A.2 Phrase Structure Grammar

A.2.1 Expressions


primary-expression: (§3.3.1)
identifier
constant
string-literal
( expression )


postfix-expression: (§3.3.2)
primary-expression
postfix-expression [ expression ]
postfix-expression ( argument-expression-listopt )
postfix-expression . identifier
postfix-expression -> identifier
postfix-expression ++
postfix-expression - -


argument-expression-list: (§3.3.2)
assignment-expression
argument-expression-list , assignment-expression


unary-expression: (§3.3.3)
postfix-expression
++ unary-expression
- - unary-expression
unary-operator cast-expression
sizeof unary-expression
sizeof ( type-name )


unary-operator: (§3.3.3) one of


    &  *  +  -  ~  ! 

cast-expression: (§3.3.4)
unary-expression
( type-name ) cast-expression


multiplicative-expression: (§3.3.5)
cast-expression
multiplicative-expression * cast-expression
multiplicative-expression / cast-expression
multiplicative-expression % cast-expression


additive-expression: (§3.3.6)
multiplicative-expression
additive-expression + multiplicative-expression
additive-expression - multiplicative-expression


shift-expression: (§3.3.7)
additive-expression
shift-expression << additive-expression
shift-expression >> additive-expression


relational-expression: (§3.3.8)
shift-expression
relational-expression < shift-expression
relational-expression > shift-expression
relational-expression <= shift-expression
relational-expression >= shift-expression


equality-expression: (§3.3.9)
relational-expression
equality-expression == relational-expression
equality-expression != relational-expression


AND-expression: (§3.3.10)
equality-expression
AND-expression & equality-expression


exclusive-OR-expression: (§3.3.11)
AND-expression
exclusive-OR-expression ^ AND-expression


inclusive-OR-expression: (§3.3.12)
exclusive-OR-expression
inclusive-OR-expression | exclusive-OR-expression


logical-AND-expression: (§3.3.13)
inclusive-OR-expression
logical-AND-expression && inclusive-OR-expression


logical-OR-expression: (§3.3.14)
logical-AND-expression
logical-OR-expression || logical-AND-expression


conditional-expression: (§3.3.15)
logical-OR-expression
logical-OR-expression ? expression : conditional-expression


assignment-expression: (§3.3.16)
conditional-expression
unary-expression assignment-operator assignment-expression


assignment-operator: (§3.3.16) one of


    =  *=  /=  %=  +=  -=  <<=  >>=  &=  ^=  |= 

expression: (§3.3.17)
assignment-expression
expression , assignment-expression


constant-expression: (§3.4)
conditional-expression

A.2.2 Declarations


declaration: (§3.5)
declaration-specifiers init-declarator-listopt ;


declaration-specifiers: (§3.5)
storage-class-specifier declaration-specifiersopt
type-specifier declaration-specifiersopt
type-qualifier declaration-specifiersopt


init-declarator-list: (§3.5)
init-declarator
init-declarator-list , init-declarator


init-declarator: (§3.5)
declarator
declarator = initializer


storage-class-specifier: (§3.5.1)
typedef
extern
static
auto
register


type-specifier: (§3.5.2)
void
char
short
int
long
float
double
signed
unsigned _Bool _Complex (ALPHA, I64)


struct-or-union-specifier
enum-specifier
typedef-name


struct-or-union-specifier: (§3.5.2.1)
struct-or-union identifieropt { struct-declaration-list }
struct-or-union identifier


struct-or-union: (§3.5.2.1)
struct
union


struct-declaration-list: (§3.5.2.1)
struct-declaration
struct-declaration-list struct-declaration


struct-declaration: (§3.5.2.1)
specifier-qualifier-list struct-declarator-list ;


specifier-qualifier-list: (§3.5.2.1)
type-specifier specifier-qualifier-listopt
type-qualifier specifier-qualifier-listopt


struct-declarator-list: (§3.5.2.1)
struct-declarator
struct-declarator-list , struct-declarator


struct-declarator: (§3.5.2.1)
declarator
declaratoropt : constant-expression


enum-specifier: (§3.5.2.2)
enum identifieropt {enumerator-list }
enum identifieropt {enumerator-list , }
enum identifier


enumerator-list: (§3.5.2.2)
enumerator
enumerator-list , enumerator


enumerator: (§3.5.2.2)
enumeration-constant
enumeration-constant = constant-expression


type-qualifier: (§3.5.3)
const
volatile


declarator: (§3.5.4)
pointeropt direct-declarator


direct-declarator: (§3.5.4)
identifier
( declarator )
direct-declarator [ constant-expressionopt ]
direct-declarator ( parameter-type-list )
direct-declarator ( identifier-listopt )


pointer: (§3.5.4)
* type-qualifier-listopt
* type-qualifier-listopt pointer


type-qualifier-list: (§3.5.4)
type-qualifier
type-qualifier-list type-qualifier


parameter-type-list: (§3.5.4)
parameter-list
parameter-list , ...


parameter-list: (§3.5.4)
parameter-declaration
parameter-list , parameter-declaration


parameter-declaration: (§3.5.4)
declaration-specifiers declarator
declaration-specifiers abstract-declaratoropt


identifier-list: (§3.5.4)
identifier
identifier-list , identifier


type-name: (§3.5.5)
specifier-qualifier-list abstract-declaratoropt


abstract-declarator: (§3.5.5)
pointer
pointeropt direct-abstract-declarator


direct-abstract-declarator: (§3.5.5)
( abstract-declarator )
direct-abstract-declaratoropt [ constant-expressionopt ]
direct-abstract-declaratoropt ( parameter-type-listopt )


typedef-name: (§3.5.6)
identifier


initializer: (§3.5.7)
assignment-expression
{ initializer-list }
{ initializer-list , }


initializer-list: (§3.5.7)
initializer
initializer-list , initializer


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