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The Compaq COBOL I/O system offers you a wide range of record management techniques while remaining transparent to you. You can select one of several file organizations and access modes, each of which is suited to a particular application. The file organizations available through Compaq COBOL are sequential, line sequential, relative, and indexed. The access modes are sequential, random, and dynamic.
This chapter introduces you to the following Compaq COBOL I/O features:
For information about low-volume or terminal screen I/O using the ACCEPT and DISPLAY statements, see Chapter 11 and refer to the Compaq COBOL Reference Manual.
The operating system provides you with I/O services for handling, controlling, and spooling your I/O needs or requests. Compaq COBOL, through the I/O system, provides you with extensive capabilities for data storage, retrieval, and modification.
On the OpenVMS Alpha operating system, the Compaq COBOL I/O system consists of the Run-Time Library (RTL), which accesses Record Management Services (RMS). (On OpenVMS VAX, COBOL-generated code accesses RMS directly.) Refer to the OpenVMS Record Management Utilities Reference Manual and the OpenVMS Record Management Services Reference Manual for more information about RMS. <>
On the Tru64 UNIX operating system, the Compaq COBOL I/O system consists of the
Run-Time Library (RTL) and facilities of Tru64 UNIX. In addition,
the facilities of a third-party ISAM package are required for any use
of ORGANIZATION INDEXED. <>
6.1 Defining Files and Records
A file is a collection of related records. You can specify the organization and size of a file as well as the record format and physical record size. The system creates a file with these characteristics and stores them with the file. Any program that accesses a file must specify the same characteristics as those that the system stored for that file when creating it.
A record is a group of related data elements. The space a record needs on a physical device depends on the file organization, the record format, and the number of bytes the record contains.
File organization is described in Section 6.1.1. Record format is
described in Section 6.1.2.
6.1.1 File Organization
Compaq COBOL supports the following four types of file organization:
On Tru64 UNIX, a third-party product is required for INDEXED runtime support. Refer to the Read Before Installing... letter for up-to-date details on how to obtain the INDEXED runtime support. <> |
Table 6-1 summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of these file organizations.
| File Organizations | Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|
| Sequential | Uses disk and memory efficiently | Allows sequential access only |
| Provides optimal usage if the application accesses all records sequentially on each run | Allows records to be added only to the end of a file | |
| Provides the most flexible record format | ||
| Allows READ/WRITE sharing | ||
| Allows data to be stored on many types of media, in a device-independent manner | ||
| Allows easy file extension | ||
|
Line Sequential
(Alpha) |
Most efficient storage format | Allows sequential access only |
| Compatible with text editors | Used for printable characters only | |
| Open Mode I/O is not allowed | ||
| Relative | Allows sequential, random, and dynamic access | Allows data to be stored on disk only |
| Provides random record deletion and insertion | Requires that record cells be the same size | |
| Allows READ/WRITE sharing | ||
| Indexed | Allows sequential, random, and dynamic access | Allows data to be stored on disk only |
| Allows random record deletion and insertion on the basis of a user-supplied key | Requires more disk space | |
| Allows READ/WRITE sharing | Uses more memory to process records | |
| Allows variable-length records to change length on update | Generally requires multiple disk accesses to randomly process a record | |
| Allows easy file extension |
Sequential input/output, in which records are written and read in sequence, is the simplest and most common form of I/O. It can be performed on all I/O devices, including magnetic tape, disk, terminals, and line printers.
Sequential files consist of records that are arranged in the order in which they were written to the file. Figure 6-1 illustrates sequential file organization.
Figure 6-1 Sequential File Organization
Sequential files always contain an end-of-file (EOF) indication. On magnetic tapes, it is the EOF mark; on disk, it is a counter in the file header that designates the end of the file. Compaq COBOL statements can write over the EOF mark and, thus, extend the length of the file. Because the EOF indicates the end of useful data, Compaq COBOL provides no method for reading beyond it, even though the amount of space reserved for the file exceeds the amount actually used.
Occasionally a file with sequential organization, for example, a multiple-reel magnetic tape file, is so large that it requires more than one volume. An end-of-volume (EOV) label marks the end of recorded information on each volume and signals the file system to switch to a new volume. On multiple-volume files, the EOF mark appears only once, at the end of the last record on the last volume. Figure 6-2 depicts a multiple-volume, sequential file.
Figure 6-2 A Multiple-Volume, Sequential File
When you select the medium for your sequential file, consider the following:
Refer to the OpenVMS I/O User's Reference Manual or the ltf(4) manpage for more information on magnetic tape formats.
Line Sequential File Organization (Alpha)
Line sequential file structure is essentially similar to the structure of sequential files, with the major difference being record length. Figure 6-3 illustrates line sequential file organization.
Figure 6-3 Line Sequential File Organization (Alpha)
A line sequential file consists of records of varying lengths arranged in the order in which they were written to the file. Each record is terminated with a "newline" character. The newline character is a line feed record terminator ('0A' hex).
Each record in a line sequential file should contain only printable characters and should not be written with a WRITE statements that contains either a BEFORE ADVANCING or AFTER ADVANCING statement.
Record length is determined by the maximum record length in the FD entry in the FILE-CONTROL section and the number of characters in a line (not including the record terminator).
When your Compaq COBOL program reads a line from a line sequential file that is shorter than the record area, it reads up to the record terminator, discards the record terminator, and pads the rest of the record with a number of spaces necessary to equal the record's specified length. When your program reads a line from a line sequential file that is longer than the record area, it reads the number of characters necessary to fill the record area. The next READ, if any, will begin at the next printable character in the file that is not a record terminator.
Line sequential file organization is useful in reading and printing files that were created by an editor or word processor, which typically do not write fixed-length records. <>
A relative file consists of fixed-size record cells and uses a key to retrieve its records. The key, called a relative key, is an integer that specifies the record's storage cell or record number within the file. It is analogous to the subscript of a table. Relative file processing is available only on disk devices.
Any record on a relative file (unlike a sequential file) can be accessed with one READ operation. Also, relative files allow the program to read forward with respect to the current relative key. In addition to random access by relative key, relative files also permit you to delete and update records by relative key. Relative files are used primarily when records must be accessed in random order and the records can easily be associated with numbers that give the relative positions in the file.
In relative file organization, not every cell must contain a record. Although each cell occupies one record space, a field preceding the record on the storage medium indicates whether or not that cell contains a valid record. Thus, a file can contain fewer records than it has cells, and the empty cells can be anywhere in the file.
The numerical order of the cells remains the same during all operations on a relative file. However, accessing statements can move a record from one cell to another, delete a record from a cell, insert new records into empty cells, or rewrite existing cells.
With relative file processing, the I/O system organizes a file as a series of fixed-sized record cells. Cell size is based on the size specified as the maximum permitted length for a record in the file. The I/O system considers these cells as successively numbered from 1 (the first) to n (the last). A cell's relative record number (RRN) represents its location relative to the beginning of the file.
Because cell numbers in a relative file are unique, they can be used to identify both the cell and the record (if any) occupying that cell. Thus, record number 1 occupies the first cell in the file, record number 21 occupies the twenty-first cell, and so forth. Figure 6-4 illustrates relative file organization.
Figure 6-4 Relative File Organization
Relative files are used like tables. Their advantage over tables is that their size is limited to disk space rather than memory space. Also, their information can be saved from run to run. Relative files are best for records that are easily associated with ascending, consecutive numbers (so that the program conversion from data to cell number is easy), such as months (record keys 1 to 12), or the 50 U.S. states (record keys 1 to 50).
An indexed file uses primary and alternate keys in the record to retrieve the contents of that record. Compaq COBOL allows sequential, random, and dynamic access to records. You access each record by one of its primary or alternate keys. Indexed file processing is available only on disk devices.
Unlike the sequential ordering of records in a sequential file or the relative positioning of records in a relative file, the physical location of records in indexed file organization is transparent to the program. You can add new records to an indexed file without recreating the file. You can also delete records, making room for new records.
Indexed file organization allows you to use a key to uniquely identify a record within the file. The location and length of the key are identical in all records. When creating an indexed file, you must select the data items to be the keys. Selecting such a data item indicates to the I/O system that the contents (key value) of that data item in any record written to the file can be used by the program to identify that record for subsequent retrieval. For more information, refer to the Environment Division clauses RECORD KEY IS and ALTERNATE RECORD KEY IS in the Compaq COBOL Reference Manual.
You must define at least one main key, called the primary key, for an indexed file. You may also optionally define from 1 to 254 additional keys called alternate keys. Each alternate key represents an additional data item in each record of the file. You can also use the key value in any of these alternate keys as a means of identifying the record for retrieval.
You define primary and alternate key values in the Record Description entry. Primary and alternate key values need not be unique if you specify the WITH DUPLICATES phrase in the file description entry (FD). When duplicate key values are present, you can retrieve the first record written in the logical sort order of the records with the same key value and any subsequent records using the READ NEXT phrase. The logical sort order controls the order of sequential processing of the record. (For more information about retrieving records with duplicate key values, refer to the information about the READ statement in the Compaq COBOL Reference Manual.)
When you open a file, you must specify the same number and type of keys that were specified when the file was created. (This situation is subject to modification by the check duplicate keys and relax key checking options, as well as a duplicate key specification on an FD.) If the number or type of keys does not match, the system will issue a run-time diagnostic when you try to open the file.
As your program writes records into an indexed file, the I/O system locates the values contained in the primary and alternate keys. The I/O system builds these values into a tree-structured table or index, which consists of a series of entries. Each entry contains a key value copied from a record. With each key value is a pointer to the location in the file of the record from which the value was copied.
Figure 6-5 shows the general structure of an indexed file defined with a primary key only.
Figure 6-5 Indexed File Organization
For a more detailed explanation of indexed file structure on OpenVMS systems, refer to the Guide to OpenVMS File Applications. <>
For information about specifying file organization in your program, see
Section 6.2.2.
6.1.2 Record Format
Compaq COBOL provides four record format types: fixed, variable, print-control, and stream. Table 6-2 shows the record format availability.
| Sequential | Line Sequential |
Relative |
Indexed |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Disk | Tape | ||||
| Fixed length | yes | yes | no | yes | yes |
| Variable length | yes | yes | no | yes | yes |
| Print control | yes | no | no | no | no |
| Stream | no | no | yes | no | no |
The compiler determines the record format from the information that you specify as follows:
If a file has more than one record description, the different record descriptions automatically share the same record area in memory. The I/O system does not clear this area before it executes the READ statement. Therefore, if the record read by the latest READ statement does not fill the entire record area, the area not overlaid by the incoming record remains unchanged.
The record format type that was specified when the file was created must be used for all subsequent accesses to the file.
In Example 6-1, a file contains a company's stock inventory information (part number, supplier, quantity, price). Within this file, the information is divided into records. All information for a single piece of stock constitutes a single record.
| Example 6-1 Sample Record Description |
|---|
01 PART-RECORD.
02 PART-NUMBER PIC 9999.
02 PART-SUPPLIER PIC X(20).
02 PART-QUANTITY PIC 99999.
02 PART-PRICE PIC S9(5)V99.
|
Each record in the stock file is itself divided into discrete pieces of information referred to as elementary items (02 level items). You give each elementary item a specific location in the record, give it a name, and define its size and type. The part number is an elementary item in the part record, as are supplier, quantity, and price. In this example, PART-RECORD contains four elementary items: PART-NUMBER, PART-SUPPLIER, PART-QUANTITY, and PART-PRICE.
Files with a fixed-length record format contain the same size records. The compiler generates the fixed-length format when either of the following conditions is true:
The compiler does not generate fixed-length format when any of the following conditions exist:
Fixed-length record size is determined by either the largest record description or the record size specified by the RECORD CONTAINS clause, whichever is larger. Example 6-2 shows how fixed-length record size is determined.
| Example 6-2 Determining Fixed-Length Record Size |
|---|
FD FIXED-FILE
RECORD CONTAINS 100 CHARACTERS.
01 FIXED-REC PIC X(75).
|
For the file, FIXED-FILE, the RECORD CONTAINS clause specifies a record size larger than the record description; therefore, the record size is 100 characters.
In Example 6-2, the following warning message is generated when the file FIXED-FILE is used:
"Record contains value is greater than length of longest record." |
If the multiple record descriptions are associated with the file, the size of the largest record description is used as the size. In Example 6-3, for the file REC-FILE, the FIXED-REC2 record specifies the largest record size; therefore, the record size is 90 characters.
| Example 6-3 Determining Fixed-Length Record Size for Files with Multiple Record Descriptions |
|---|
FD REC-FILE
RECORD CONTAINS 80 CHARACTERS.
01 FIXED-REC1 PIC X(75).
01 FIXED-REC2 PIC X(90).
|
When the file REC-FILE is used, the following warning message is generated:
"Longest record is longer than RECORD CONTAINS value - longest record size used." |
Files with a variable-length record format can contain records of different length. The compiler generates the variable-length attribute for a file when the file description contains a RECORD VARYING clause or a RECORD CONTAINS TO clause.
Each record is written to the file with a 32-bit integer that specifies the size of the record. This integer is not counted in the size of the record.
Examples 6_4, 6_5, and 6-6 show you the three ways you can create a variable-length record file.
In Example 6-4, the DEPENDING ON phrase sets the OUT-REC record length. The IN-TYPE data field determines the OUT-LENGTH field's contents.
| Example 6-4 Creating Variable-Length Records with the DEPENDING ON Phrase |
|---|
FILE SECTION.
FD INFILE.
01 IN-REC.
03 IN-TYPE PIC X.
03 REST-OF-REC PIC X(499).
FD OUTFILE
RECORD VARYING FROM 200 TO 500 CHARACTERS
DEPENDING ON OUT-LENGTH.
01 OUT-REC PIC X(500).
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
01 OUT-LENGTH PIC 999 COMP VALUE ZEROES.
|
Example 6-5 shows how to create variable-length records using the RECORD VARYING phrase.
| Example 6-5 Creating Variable-Length Records with the RECORD VARYING Phrase |
|---|
FILE SECTION.
FD OUTFILE
RECORD VARYING FROM 200 TO 500 CHARACTERS.
01 OUT-REC-1 PIC X(200).
01 OUT-REC-2 PIC X(500).
|
Example 6-6 creates variable-length records by using the OCCURS clause with the DEPENDING ON phrase in the record description. Compaq COBOL determines record length by adding the sum of the variable record's fixed portion to the size of the table described by the number of table occurrences at execution time.
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