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OpenVMS System Management Utilities Reference
Manual
7.3.1 Input and Output Specifier Element Lists
An element list is a list of arguments specified with
a command or qualifier. The arguments, or elements, in the list are
separated by commas. Element lists relating to input or output
specifiers are allowed only in the following circumstances:
- If an input specifier refers to a Files--11 disk, you can construct
lists from standard OpenVMS file specifications, as follows:
$ BACKUP
_From: DUA0:[DATA]A.DAT,B.DAT,[PROGRAMS]TEST.EXE
_To: MSA0:TEST.SAV/LABEL=DLY101
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- If an input specifier or an output specifier refers to a BACKUP
save set on magnetic tape or sequential disk, you can specify more than
one device name to be used in the operation. This allows you to process
multivolume save sets efficiently by specifying the order in which
devices will be used. The first volume is processed until it is full.
The second (or subsequent) volume is processed while the media in the
first (or previous) volume is being changed. However, the save-set name
must appear with the first element in the list and must not appear in
subsequent elements in the list.
In the following example, BACKUP
first saves data to a tape in drive MSA0, then to a tape in drive MSA1.
When the tape in drive MSA1 is full, BACKUP saves data to a fresh tape
in MSA0.
$ BACKUP
_From: DUA0:[DATA]*.*,DUA0:[PROGRAMS]*.*
_To: MSA0:TEST.SAV,MSA1:/LABEL=WKLY01
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- If you are performing an image operation on a volume set, you can
specify element lists in the input and output specifiers. In the
following example, BACKUP first restores the save set TEST.SAV from the
tape in drive MSA0, and then continues to restore the save set from the
tape in drive MSA1. BACKUP first restores this save set to DUA0. When
DUA0 is full, BACKUP continues the restore operation to DUA1.
$ BACKUP/IMAGE
_From: MSA0:TEST.SAV,MSA1:
_To: DUA0:[DATA...],DUA1:
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7.3.2 BACKUP Qualifiers
You can also affect BACKUP operations by specifiying qualifiers. BACKUP
has five types of qualifiers:
- Command qualifiers modify the default action of a
BACKUP command. You can place command qualifiers anywhere in the
command line. Command qualifiers act upon every file in the input or
output specifier.
- Input file-selection qualifiers select files from
the input specifier. Place them immediately after the input specifier.
- Input save-set qualifiers affect the way BACKUP
handles an input save set during a restore or compare operation. Place
them immediately after the input specifier.
- Output file qualifiers change the way output files
are restored. Place them immediately after the output specifier.
- Output save-set qualifiers affect the way BACKUP
processes an output save set during a save operation. Place them
immediately after the output specifier.
Note
You cannot use input and output qualifiers in image operations.
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It is important to understand the differences between the types of
qualifiers. The position of qualifiers in the BACKUP command line
affects the results of the command. Although command qualifiers can be
placed anywhere in the command line, input- and output-specifier
qualifiers are position-dependent. That is, input-specifier qualifiers
must be placed immediately after the input specifier, and
output-specifier qualifiers must be placed immediately after the output
specifier.
Additionally, several BACKUP qualifiers are both input-specifier
qualifiers and output-specifier qualfiers. To achieve the results you
want from a BACKUP command, ensure that you place position-dependent
qualifiers correctly. For example, use the /SAVE_SET qualifier as an
output save-set qualifier in a BACKUP save operation and as an input
save-set qualifier in a BACKUP restore operation.
Appendix G contains more information about valid combinations of
BACKUP qualifiers.
7.3.3 Using Wildcard Characters with BACKUP
BACKUP allows you to use wildcard characters in file specifications to
represent directories, file names, file types, and version numbers.
Omitted file names, file types, or version numbers are assumed to be
the asterisk wildcard character (*). For instance, if you omit the
version number, BACKUP processes all versions. (For introductory
information about wildcard characters, refer to the OpenVMS User's Manual.)
You can use any valid DCL wildcard character with input specifiers that
are Files--11 media or with the /SELECT and /EXCLUDE qualifiers. Note,
however, that the symbols denoting the latest versions of files (;) and
relative versions of files (;-n) are processed as the asterisk wildcard
character (;*) when they are used with the /EXCLUDE and /SELECT
qualifiers.
You cannot use wildcard characters in BACKUP save-set specifications
unless the save sets are input specifiers on tape.
Using Wildcard Characters to Represent Directories
The following table lists the types of directory wildcards allowed for
output specifiers that are Files--11 media.
Directory Wildcard |
Result |
omitted
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If a directory name is omitted, BACKUP restores file to the current
default directory [].
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[*...]
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BACKUP restores files to the directory from which they were saved.
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[directory]
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BACKUP restores files to the named directory.
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[directory...]
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The wildcard characters used in the specification of the input files
determine the directory to which BACKUP restores the files.
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Note
If you specify directory wildcard characters incorrectly and your
directories contain many levels of subdirectories, you risk losing the
lower level subdirectories in BACKUP operations because OpenVMS
directory trees can have only eight levels.
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The following example uses the directory wildcard format [directory...]
for both the input and the output specifiers:
$ BACKUP [OSCAR...] [JOE.RECEIVED...]
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In this example, BACKUP creates a directory named [JOE.RECEIVED] (if it
does not already exist) as well as subdirectories that correspond to
the subdirectories of [OSCAR]. BACKUP copies all files from the
directory [OSCAR] and its subdirectories to [JOE.RECEIVED] and its
subdirectories. If [OSCAR] has eight levels of directories, however,
BACKUP is unable to create a corresponding ninth-level subdirectory to
[JOE.RECEIVED]; the eighth-level subdirectory to [OSCAR] is not copied.
If you use the asterisk wildcard character (*) to represent
subdirectories in the input specifier of a copy operation, BACKUP
creates subdirectories to the directory specified in the output
specifier that correspond to the subdirectories in the input specifier.
BACKUP then copies all files from the lowest level subdirectory in the
input specifier to the lowest level subdirectory in the output
specifier. In the following example, the asterisk represents
subdirectories named MONDAY and TUESDAY:
$ BACKUP [SAM.WORK.*.WEDNESDAY] [JAMES...]
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In this example, BACKUP creates a subdirectory named
[JAMES.MONDAY.TUESDAY.WEDNESDAY]. In doing so, BACKUP copies the file
MONDAY.DIR to [JAMES], copies the file TUESDAY.DIR to [JAMES.MONDAY],
and copies the file WEDNESDAY.DIR to [JAMES.MONDAY.TUESDAY]. Then
BACKUP copies all files from [SAM.WORK.MONDAY.TUESDAY.WEDNESDAY] to
[JAMES.MONDAY.TUESDAY.WEDNESDAY].
In a restore operation, the input specifier defaults to [*...] if the
input save-set qualifier /SELECT is not used; this is important if you
use the form [directory...] in the output specifier. The function of
the wildcard [*...] is to carry over the entire directory name from the
first level on and to place it before the ellipsis in the output
specifier. Thus, if the save set in the following example contains the
directory tree [SAVE...], the restored directory tree will be
[WORK.SAVE...]:
$ BACKUP MTA0:SAVE.BCK [WORK...]
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Note that the result will be the same, even if your output specifier
has the same name as the directory in the input specifier, as shown in
the following example:
$ BACKUP MTA0:SAVE.BCK [SAVE...]
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The preceding command restores the directory tree [SAVE...] to a
directory tree named [SAVE.SAVE...].
The following command restores the directory tree [SAVE...] to a
directory tree named [WORK...]:
$ BACKUP MTA0:SAVE.BCK/SELECT=[SAVE...] [WORK...]
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There are two ways to retain the original directory name when you
restore files. You must either use the form [*...] for the output
specifier, or you must specify the input save-set qualifier /SELECT.
The following example uses the form [*...] in the output specifier to
restore the directory tree [SAVE...] in save set SAVE.BCK to the
directory tree [SAVE...]:
$ BACKUP MTA0:SAVE.BCK [*...]
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The input save-set qualifier /SELECT causes only the ellipsis portion
of the selected file specification to be carried over to the directory
tree named in the output specifier [directory...]. The following
command restores [SAVE...] to [SAVE...]:
$ BACKUP MTA0:SAVE.BCK/SELECT=[SAVE...] [SAVE...]
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7.4 BACKUP Usage Summary
By duplicating files or volumes of files, the Backup utility (BACKUP)
protects data from loss or corruption.
BACKUP is intended for use primarily by system managers and operators
to protect public media. However, anyone can use BACKUP to make
personal BACKUP copies and to transport files between OpenVMS systems.
The two ways to back up your system disk are:
- If you have access to the CD-ROM of the current
version of OpenVMS Alpha or VAX, you can use a menu-driven procedure to
back up your system disk.
- If you do not have access to the CD-ROM of the
current version of OpenVMS Alpha or VAX, you must use standalone BACKUP
to back up your system disk. Standalone BACKUP is a version of the
Backup utility that is bootstrapped into main memory instead of running
under the control of the OpenVMS VAX operating system. Standalone
BACKUP uses a subset of BACKUP qualifiers to perform image and physical
BACKUP operations.
Format
BACKUP input-specifier output-specifier
Parameters
input specifier
Specifies the input for the BACKUP operation. The input specifier can
be a standard OpenVMS file specification, a BACKUP save-set
specification, or a device name. If the input specifier is a save-set
specification on disk, it must include the input save-set qualifier
/SAVE_SET.
DECnet node names are allowed only in save-set specifications.
Wildcards are permitted in standard OpenVMS file specifications and in
save-set specifications if they are on magnetic tape.
output specifier
Specifies the output for the BACKUP operation. The output specifier,
like the input specifier, can be either a standard OpenVMS file
specification, a BACKUP save-set specification, or a device name. If
the output specifier is a save set on disk, it must include the output
save-set qualifier /SAVE_SET.
DECnet node names are allowed only in save-set specifications.
You can use wildcard characters if the output specifier is a Files--11
volume. You cannot use wildcard characters if the output specifier is a
BACKUP save set or a volume created by a BACKUP/PHYSICAL or
BACKUP/IMAGE operation. Refer to Section 7.3.3 for restrictions on the
use of wildcard characters in BACKUP commands.
Usage Summary
To invoke online BACKUP, enter an appropriate BACKUP command at the DCL
prompt. For instructions on invoking standalone BACKUP, refer to the
OpenVMS System Manager's Manual.
When you enter a BACKUP command, BACKUP evaluates the input and output
specifier and qualifiers to determine the type of operation to perform.
BACKUP uses the input specifier to locate the input to the utility and
directs output to the output specifier, which can be a file or a save
set on disk or a save set on magnetic tape.
After executing the command, BACKUP returns to DCL command level. If
you want to halt the execution of a BACKUP command prematurely, press
Ctrl/Y. If BACKUP is creating a file when you press Ctrl/Y, the file is
closed immediately and only partially created.
You need the user privilege TMPMBX to send messages to operator
terminals when using BACKUP in batch mode. If you are performing a save
operation to a volume set of sequential disks, you must have the user
privilege PHY_IO or LOG_IO to write to a continuation volume. The use
of several BACKUP qualifiers also requires privileges; these are noted
in the appropriate qualifier descriptions.
7.5 BACKUP Qualifiers
This section describes and provides examples of each BACKUP qualifier.
Make sure that you understand how the position of BACKUP qualifiers
affects BACKUP operations. See Section 7.2 for information about the
BACKUP command line format. Table 7-2 summarizes the BACKUP
qualifiers.
Table 7-2 BACKUP Qualifier Summary
Qualifier |
Description |
/ALIAS
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Specifies whether to maintain the previous behavior of multiple
processing of alias and primary file entries.
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/ASSIST
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Allows operator or user intervention if a request to mount a magnetic
tape fails during a BACKUP operation.
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/BACKUP
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Selects files according to the BACKUP date written in the file header
record by the BACKUP/RECORD command.
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/BEFORE
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Selects files dated earlier than the date and time you specify.
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/BLOCK_SIZE
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Specifies the output block size in bytes for data records in a BACKUP
save set.
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/BRIEF
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Causes the /LIST qualifier to display the file specification, size (in
blocks), and creation date for each file in the save set.
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/BUFFER_COUNT
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This qualifier is obsolete and has no effect.
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/BY_OWNER
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As an input file-selection qualifier, /BY_OWNER causes BACKUP to
process files owned by the specified UIC.
As an output file qualifier, /BY_OWNER redefines the owner user
identification code (UIC) for restored files.
As an output save-set qualifier, /BY_OWNER specifies the owner user
identification code (UIC) of the save set.
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/COMMENT
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Places the string that you supply into the BACKUP summary record of the
output save set.
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/COMPARE
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Causes BACKUP to compare the contents of the first parameter with the
contents of the second parameter.
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/CONFIRM
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Displays prompts on your terminal for confirmation before processing
each file.
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/CONVERT
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Converts ODS-5 file names to ODS-2 file names.
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/CRC
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As an input save-set qualifier, /CRC checks the software cyclic
redundancy check (CRC) encoded in the save set's data blocks.
As an output save-set qualifier, /CRC specifies that the CRC is to
be computed and stored in the data blocks of the output save set.
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/CREATED
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Selects files according to the value of the creation date field in each
file header record.
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/DELETE
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Specifies that a BACKUP save or copy operation is to delete the
selected input files from the input volume after all files have been
successfully processed.
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/DENSITY
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Specifies the recording density of the output magnetic tape.
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/EXACT_ORDER
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Specifies the exact order of tape volume labels that you want to use in
a BACKUP operation.
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/EXCLUDE
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Excludes files from processing that otherwise meet the selection
criteria for a save or copy operation.
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/EXPIRED
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Selects files according to the value of the expiration date field in
each file header record.
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/FAST
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Processes the input specifier using a fast file scan to reduce
processing time.
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/FULL
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Displays the information produced by the /LIST command qualifier in a
format similar to that displayed by the DCL command DIRECTORY/FULL.
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/GROUP_SIZE
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Defines the number of blocks BACKUP places in each redundancy group.
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/IGNORE
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Specifies that a BACKUP save or copy operation will override
restrictions placed on files or will not perform tape label processing
checks.
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/IMAGE
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Directs BACKUP to process an entire volume or volume set.
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/INCREMENTAL
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Allows you to restore a disk volume from a series of incremental save
sets.
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/INITIALIZE
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Initializes an output disk volume, making its entire previous contents
unavailable.
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/INTERCHANGE
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Directs BACKUP to process files in a manner suitable for data
interchange (software distribution) by excluding information that would
prevent other utilities or sites from reading the BACKUP save set.
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/JOURNAL
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Specifies that a BACKUP save operation is to create, or append
information to, a BACKUP journal file.
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/LABEL
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Specifies the 1- to 6- character volume labels for the magnetic tapes
and 1- to 12- character volume labels for disks to which the save set
is written.
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/LIST
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Lists information about a BACKUP save set and about the files in a save
set.
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/LOG
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Displays the file specification of each file processed during the
operation on SYS$OUTPUT.
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/MEDIA_FORMAT
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Controls whether data records are automatically compacted and blocked
together.
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/MODIFIED
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Selects files according to the value of the modified date field (the
date the file was last modified) in each file header record.
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/NEW_VERSION
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Creates a new version of a file if a file with an identical
specification already exists at the location to which the file is being
restored or copied.
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/NOINCREMENTAL
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Allows you to control the amount of file data that is saved in a save
operation.
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/OVERLAY
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Writes over an existing file when an identically named file is
encountered during the restore operation.
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/OWNER_UIC
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The /OWNER_UIC qualifier has been superseded by the /BY_OWNER
qualifier. Compaq recommends that you substitute /BY_OWNER for
OWNER_UIC in command procedures and operator instructions. See the
description of the /BY_OWNER qualifier for more information.
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/PHYSICAL
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Specifies that a BACKUP operation is to ignore any file structure on
the input volume and to process the volume in terms of logical blocks.
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/PROTECTION
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When you create a save set on disk, this qualifier defines the
protection to be applied to an output save set. When you create a save
set on magnetic tape, this qualifier defines the protection to be
applied to the magnetic tape volume.
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/RECORD
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Records the current date and time in the BACKUP date field of each file
header once a file is successfully saved or copied.
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/RELEASE_TAPE
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Dismounts and unloads a tape after a BACKUP save operation either
writes and verifies the save set, or reaches the end of the tape.
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/REPLACE
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Replaces a file on the output specifier with an identically named file
from the input specifier.
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/REWIND
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As an input save-set qualifier, /REWIND rewinds the input tape reel to
the beginning-of-tape marker before reading the input volume.
As an output save-set qualifier, /REWIND rewinds the output tape to
the beginning-of-tape marker and initializes the output tape.
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/SAVE_SET
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As an input save-set qualifier, /SAVE_SET directs BACKUP to treat the
input file as a BACKUP save set.
As an output save-set qualifier, /SAVE_SET directs BACKUP to treat
the output file as a BACKUP save set.
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/SELECT
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Selects the specified files for processing.
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/SINCE
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Selects files dated equal to or later than the specified date and time.
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/TAPE_EXPIRATION
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Writes a file expiration date other than the current date to the file
header label of the save set.
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/TRUNCATE
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Controls whether a copy or restore operation truncates a sequential
output file at the end-of-file (EOF) when creating it.
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/UNSHELVE
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Controls whether the Backup utility designates files from a BACKUP save
operation as unshelved or shelved.
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/VERIFY
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Specifies that the contents of the output specifier be compared with
the contents of the input specifier after a save, restore, or copy
operation is completed.
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/VOLUME
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Indicates that a specific disk volume in a disk volume set is to be
processed.
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